Abstract
Abstract A previously undescribed spotting of tomato fruit was observed in the packinghouse and storage facility of a commercial organic grower in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia during 2009–2011. Symptoms initially appeared as small black spots on the tomato fruit, barely visible after harvest. The black spots expanded to form larger grey-black lesions with evidence of mycelial growth in the centre after 5–10 days of storage at 12 °C or after tomatoes were shipped to retail outlets. Isolations from symptomatic skin and pericarp tissues from early and expanded lesions primarily yielded species of Penicillium. Healthy tomato fruit inoculated with conidia of Penicillium isolates developed black spots which progressed to form larger grey lesions, typical of symptoms observed in the commercial greenhouse. Several Penicillium species were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing of the ITS region and partial β-tubulin gene. Isolates identified as P. olsonii produced the characteristic spotting of fruit followed by expanding lesions, while other isolates identified as P. solitum and P. polonicum caused a rapid soft rot and decay. Ripe fruit inoculated with P. olsonii had a significantly higher disease severity index compared with those that were inoculated at the breaker or flush stages. Inoculations on the tomato shoulder resulted in significantly higher disease severity than inoculations at the middle or base of the fruit. Swabs of tomato fruit surfaces and calyx tissues taken while fruit were still on the vine followed by plating onto PDA revealed that high populations (>40 CFU) of resident P. olsonii were present on the fruit. Similar populations were detected when calyx tissues were plated directly onto PDA. The mode of entry of P. olsonii is likely through naturally occurring cracks or russeting of the fruit cuticle from resident populations. Wounding of the skin did not significantly enhance disease severity compared with unwounded treatments. Disease severity increased significantly when tomatoes were incubated at 12 °C compared with 22 °C following inoculation. This appears to be the first report of a fruit spotting and post-harvest decay of tomato fruit caused by P. olsonii.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fruit developed small black spots after harvest that expanded into grey-black lesions after storage or shipment.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- grey-black lesionse1
- Qualifier
- after 5–10 days of storage at 12 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small black spots on the tomato fruit, barely visible after harvest”
e1“The black spots expanded to form larger grey-black lesions with evidence of mycelial growth in the centre after 5–10 days of storage at 12 °C or after tomatoes were shipped to retail outlets”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium species were primarily isolated from symptomatic tomato fruit tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- skin and pericarp tissuese0
- Interactor
- Penicillium
Penicilliume0pathogen - Outcome
- species of Penicilliume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolations from symptomatic skin and pericarp tissues from early and expanded lesions primarily yielded species of Penicillium”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium inoculation caused black spots that developed into grey lesions on healthy tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculated with conidia of Penicillium isolatese0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- black spots which progressed to form larger grey lesionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Healthy tomato fruit inoculated with conidia of Penicillium isolates developed black spots which progressed to form larger grey lesions”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphology and sequencing identified several Penicillium species from tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Several Penicillium species were identifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several Penicillium species were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing of the ITS region and partial β-tubulin gene”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. olsonii produced characteristic spotting and expanding lesions on tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- characteristic spotting of fruit followed by expanding lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates identified as P. olsonii produced the characteristic spotting of fruit followed by expanding lesions”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. solitum caused rapid soft rot and decay of tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. solitumPenicillium solitume0pathogen
- Outcome
- rapid soft rot and decaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. solitum and P. polonicum caused a rapid soft rot and decay”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. polonicum caused rapid soft rot and decay of tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. polonicumPenicillium polonicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- rapid soft rot and decaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. solitum and P. polonicum caused a rapid soft rot and decay”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Ripe fruit inoculated with P. olsonii had higher disease severity than fruit inoculated at breaker or flush stages.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Ripe fruite0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- breaker or flush stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ripe fruit inoculated with P. olsonii had a significantly higher disease severity index compared with those that were inoculated at the breaker or flush stages”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoulder inoculation produced higher disease severity than inoculation at the middle or base of tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Inoculations on the tomato shouldere0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inoculations at the middle or base of the fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculations on the tomato shoulder resulted in significantly higher disease severity than inoculations at the middle or base of the fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Resident P. olsonii populations above 40 CFU occurred on fruit surfaces and calyx tissues of vine-grown tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruit surfaces and calyx tissuese0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- high populationse0
- Value
- >40 CFUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Swabs of tomato fruit surfaces and calyx tissues taken while fruit were still on the vine followed by plating onto PDA revealed that high populations (>40 CFU) of resident P. olsonii were present on the fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct plating of tomato calyx tissues detected similar P. olsonii populations.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- calyx tissuese0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Similar populationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar populations were detected when calyx tissues were plated directly onto PDA”
e1“resident P. olsonii”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that resident P. olsonii enters tomato fruit through cuticle cracks or russeting.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- mode of entry of P. olsoniie0
- Qualifier
- naturally occurring cracks or russeting of the fruit cuticlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mode of entry of P. olsonii is likely through naturally occurring cracks or russeting of the fruit cuticle from resident populations”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding tomato fruit skin did not significantly increase disease severity.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Wounding of the skine0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- did not significantly enhancee0
- Comparator
- unwounded treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding of the skin did not significantly enhance disease severity compared with unwounded treatments”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubation at 12 °C increased disease severity relative to 22 °C after inoculation of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- incubated at 12 °Ce0
- Outcome
- Disease severitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 22 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease severity increased significantly when tomatoes were incubated at 12 °C compared with 22 °C following inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The paper reports P. olsonii as a cause of tomato fruit spotting and postharvest decay.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- P. olsoniiPenicillium olsoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- fruit spotting and post-harvest decaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This appears to be the first report of a fruit spotting and post-harvest decay of tomato fruit caused by P. olsonii”
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