Abstract
Sunflowers were defoliated artificially to various degrees at three stages of growth to simulate the effects of rust and other foliage diseases. Complete defoliation at the flowering stage was most injurious. It reduced seed yield by 88 to 93 per cent in all five years of the experiment. It also reduced plant height at maturity in one of two years in which heights were recorded, and it reduced weight of 200 seeds, and oil content and protein content of the seed. Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent, and reduced plant height, but did not cause other statistically significant reductions. Removal of all leaves on the upper half of the stem reduced yield and 200-seed weight significantly.Complete defoliation of seedlings reduced seed yields significantly in two years and reduced plant height in one year. Complete defoliation of maturing plants reduced seed yield significantly in one year. Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlings and maturing plants produced no significant effects.The results of artificial defoliation should be useful in evaluating damage caused by insects and by hail as well as the effects of foliage diseases.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation at flowering reduced seed yield by 88 to 93 per cent across five years.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERS
Helianthust0 - Treatment
- Complete defoliation at the flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 88 to 93 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete defoliation at the flowering stage was most injurious. It reduced seed yield by 88 to 93 per cent in all five years of the experiment”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation at flowering reduced mature plant height in one of two measured years.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation at the flowering stagee1
- Outcome
- plant height at maturitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- one of two yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also reduced plant height at maturity in one of two years in which heights were recorded”
e1“Complete defoliation at the flowering stage”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation at flowering reduced 200-seed weight.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation at the flowering stagee1
- Outcome
- weight of 200 seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced weight of 200 seeds”
e1“Complete defoliation at the flowering stage”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation at flowering reduced seed oil and protein content.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation at the flowering stagee1
- Outcome
- oil content and protein content of the seede0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced weight of 200 seeds, and oil content and protein content of the seed”
e1“Complete defoliation at the flowering stage”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing half of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at floweringe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22 to 30 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing half of each leaf at flowering reduced plant height.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at floweringe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent, and reduced plant height”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-leaf removal at flowering produced no other statistically significant reductions.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at floweringe0
- Outcome
- other statistically significant reductionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent, and reduced plant height, but did not cause other statistically significant reductions”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing all leaves from the upper half of the stem significantly reduced yield and 200-seed weight.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Removal of all leaves on the upper half of the steme0
- Outcome
- yield and 200-seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of all leaves on the upper half of the stem reduced yield and 200-seed weight significantly”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete seedling defoliation significantly reduced seed yield in two years.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation of seedlingse0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in two yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete defoliation of seedlings reduced seed yields significantly in two years”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete seedling defoliation reduced plant height in one year.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation of seedlingse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in one yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete defoliation of seedlings reduced seed yields significantly in two years and reduced plant height in one year”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation of maturing plants significantly reduced seed yield in one year.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliation of maturing plantse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in one yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete defoliation of maturing plants reduced seed yield significantly in one year”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial seedling defoliation had no significant effects.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlingse0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- no significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlings and maturing plants produced no significant effects”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial defoliation of maturing plants had no significant effects.
- Taxon
- SUNFLOWERSHelianthust0
- Treatment
- Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlings and maturing plantse0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- no significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlings and maturing plants produced no significant effects”
t0“SUNFLOWERS”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · yield · Helianthus (sunflowers)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
stage · yield · Helianthus (sunflowers)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
stage · growth · Helianthus (sunflowers)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
pruning · growth · Helianthus (sunflowers)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.