Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, Western Australia, to compare elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid and gypsum as soil ameliorants for drill-sown rice on the Cununurra clay of the Ord Irrigation Area. The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH, improved seedling establishment and increased the mean grain yield of Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3 rice from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1. Plant growth during the first 6 weeks was better and the transient iron chlorosis, which often develops after permanent flooding, was largely eliminated. Gypsum (1-4 t ha-1) had no significant effect on soil pH, seedling establishment, early growth or grain yield. Mean pH of the flooded soil (0-5 cm) one month after permanent flooding was 6.60, 6.56, 6.07 and 5.52 in the untreatad, gypsum, sulphur and sulphuric acid plots, respectively. Mean grain yield increased linearly as the pH of the flooded soil (0-5 cm) one month after permanent flooding decreased over the range of 6.5-5.5. The pH values of air dried soil samples takgn at 3, 6, 9 and 11 weeks after sowing and determined at the saturation moisture content fell by 0.5 to 2 units after the addition of sulphur and sulphuric acid. The decrease in pH at 3 weeks after the application of 800 l ha-1 sulphuric acid was five times greater than that due to an equivalent amount of elemsntal sulphur, but the effect of the acid was short-lived. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in the saturation extracts of the air-dried soil samples taken at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing were increased by the application of sulphur and gypsum. All ameliorants increased the nitrogen concentration in the plant tops at 3 weeks after sowing but only sulphur and sulphuric acid increased phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc or iron concentrations at one or more sampling dates.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur lowered soil pH temporarily.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid lowered soil pH temporarily.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur improved seedling establishment and mean grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH, improved seedling establishment and increased the mean grain yield of Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3 rice from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid improved seedling establishment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH, improved seedling establishment and increased the mean grain yield of Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3 rice from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur increased mean grain yield from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3e0
- Treatment
- sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- mean grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH, improved seedling establishment and increased the mean grain yield of Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3 rice from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid increased mean grain yield from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3e0
- Treatment
- concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- mean grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of sulphur (0.5-4 t ha-1) and concentrated sulphuric acid (800-1 600 1 ha-1) to Cununurra clay temporarily decreased soil pH, improved seedling establishment and increased the mean grain yield of Bluebonnet 50 and IR661-1-170-1-3 rice from 4.27 to 5.32 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Early rice growth was better with sulphur or acid.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- first 6 weekse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth during the first 6 weeks was better and the transient iron chlorosis, which often develops after permanent flooding, was largely eliminated”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient iron chlorosis was largely eliminated.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- transient iron chlorosise0
- Direction
- largely eliminatede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transient iron chlorosis, which often develops after permanent flooding, was largely eliminated”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum had no significant effect on soil pH, establishment, early growth or yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Gypsum (1-4 t ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- soil pH, seedling establishment, early growth or grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum (1-4 t ha-1) had no significant effect on soil pH, seedling establishment, early growth or grain yield”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Flooded soil pH varied across untreated and ameliorant plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Mean pH of the flooded soile0
- Value
- 6.60, 6.56, 6.07 and 5.52e0
- Qualifier
- untreatad, gypsum, sulphur and sulphuric acid plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean pH of the flooded soil (0-5 cm) one month after permanent flooding was 6.60, 6.56, 6.07 and 5.52 in the untreatad, gypsum, sulphur and sulphuric acid plots, respectively”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain yield rose linearly as flooded soil pH fell.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Mean grain yielde0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
- Qualifier
- 6.5-5.5e0
- Setting
- flooded soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain yield increased linearly as the pH of the flooded soil (0-5 cm) one month after permanent flooding decreased over the range of 6.5-5.5”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur and acid lowered air-dried soil pH by 0.5 to 2 units.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulphur and sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- pH valuese1
- Direction
- felle0
- Value
- 0.5 to 2 unitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fell by 0.5 to 2 units after the addition of sulphur and sulphuric acid”
e1“The pH values of air dried soil samples takgn at 3, 6, 9 and 11 weeks after sowing”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid caused a fivefold greater early pH drop than equivalent sulphur, but was short-lived.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 800 l ha-1 sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- decrease in pHe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- five timese0
- Qualifier
- short-livede0
- Comparator
- equivalent amount of elemsntal sulphure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in pH at 3 weeks after the application of 800 l ha-1 sulphuric acid was five times greater than that due to an equivalent amount of elemsntal sulphur, but the effect of the acid was short-lived”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur raised calcium and magnesium in soil extracts.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulphure0
- Outcome
- Calcium and magnesium concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium and magnesium concentrations in the saturation extracts of the air-dried soil samples taken at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing were increased by the application of sulphur and gypsum”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum raised calcium and magnesium in soil extracts.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Calcium and magnesium concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium and magnesium concentrations in the saturation extracts of the air-dried soil samples taken at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing were increased by the application of sulphur and gypsum”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All ameliorants increased nitrogen in rice tops after three weeks.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- All ameliorantse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen concentration in the plant topse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All ameliorants increased the nitrogen concentration in the plant tops at 3 weeks after sowing”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur increased other mineral concentrations on at least one date.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulphure0
- Outcome
- phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc or iron concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only sulphur and sulphuric acid increased phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc or iron concentrations at one or more sampling dates”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphuric acid increased other mineral concentrations on at least one date.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc or iron concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only sulphur and sulphuric acid increased phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc or iron concentrations at one or more sampling dates”
t0“rice”
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