Abstract
According to previous studies, short-day (SD) treatment may increase frost hardiness in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings during shoot elongation the next year. The purpose of this study was to examine how timing of the SD treatment affects spring frost hardiness. The following four treatments were applied in the first growth period: natural photoperiod (Nat), or SD treatment (8 h light : 16 h dark) either 14–28 July (SD1), 28 July – 11 August (SD2), or 11–20 August (SD3). After 125 days in cold storage (October–January), the seedlings were transferred to forcing conditions (20–25 °C, 24 h light) followed by freezing tests at –3, –5, –7, and –9 °C when most seedlings had reached bud break stage 7 (Krutzsch index). Seedling height measurements and analyses of carbohydrate status, nitrogen concentration, and dry mass of needles after cold storage were done to examine the treatments' impact on seedling quality. SD treatment reduced visual freezing injury to current- and first-year shoots. Mortality occurred at –7 and –9 °C and was significantly higher in the Nat and SD1 treatments (43% in both) than in the SD2 (23%) and SD3 (15%) treatments. Seedlings from the late SD treatments also showed better height growth and developed more shoots from dormant buds after freezing to –3 and –5 °C. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the importance of proper timing of the SD treatment in relation to the seedlings' natural growth rhythm.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Short-day treatment reduced visual freezing injury in current- and first-year shoots.
- Taxon
- Picea abies
Picea abiest0 - Treatment
- SD treatmente0
- Outcome
- visual freezing injury to current- and first-year shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- natural photoperiod (Nat)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SD treatment reduced visual freezing injury to current- and first-year shoots.”
e1“natural photoperiod (Nat), or SD treatment (8 h light : 16 h dark)”
t0“Picea abies”
Claim · model-written summary
Mortality after freezing was higher in Nat and SD1 than in SD2 and SD3.
- Taxon
- Picea abiesPicea abiest0
- Treatment
- SD2e0
- Outcome
- Mortalitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- –7 and –9 °Ce0
- Comparator
- Nat and SD1 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mortality occurred at –7 and –9 °C and was significantly higher in the Nat and SD1 treatments (43% in both) than in the SD2 (23%) and SD3 (15%) treatments.”
t0“Picea abies”
Claim · model-written summary
SD3 seedlings had 15% mortality after freezing, versus 43% in Nat and SD1.
- Taxon
- Picea abiesPicea abiest0
- Treatment
- SD3e0
- Outcome
- Mortalitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- –7 and –9 °Ce0
- Comparator
- Nat and SD1 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mortality occurred at –7 and –9 °C and was significantly higher in the Nat and SD1 treatments (43% in both) than in the SD2 (23%) and SD3 (15%) treatments.”
t0“Picea abies”
Claim · model-written summary
Late short-day treatments improved height growth after mild freezing.
- Taxon
- Picea abiesPicea abiest0
- Treatment
- late SD treatmentse0
- Outcome
- height growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- after freezing to –3 and –5 °Ce0
- Comparator
- natural photoperiod (Nat)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings from the late SD treatments also showed better height growth and developed more shoots from dormant buds after freezing to –3 and –5 °C.”
e1“natural photoperiod (Nat), or SD treatment (8 h light : 16 h dark)”
t0“Picea abies”
Claim · model-written summary
Late short-day treatments led to more shoots developing from dormant buds after mild freezing.
- Taxon
- Picea abiesPicea abiest0
- Treatment
- late SD treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoots from dormant budse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- after freezing to –3 and –5 °Ce0
- Comparator
- natural photoperiod (Nat)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings from the late SD treatments also showed better height growth and developed more shoots from dormant buds after freezing to –3 and –5 °C.”
e1“natural photoperiod (Nat), or SD treatment (8 h light : 16 h dark)”
t0“Picea abies”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Picea abies (Norway spruce)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.