Abstract
A long‐term (1982 to 2000) field experiment was conducted at Zhangye, Gansu, China, on a sandy clay loam (Typic Anthrosol) under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–wheat–corn ( Zea mays L.) rotation to determine the effects of N, P, and K chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on grain and straw yield, harvest index (HI), protein concentration, and N uptake in grain and straw and accumulation of nitrate N (NO 3 –N) in the soil profile (0–180 cm). The eight treatments from various combinations of fertilizers and M were check, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. Mean grain yield decreased in the order of MNPK ≥ MNP > NPK > MN > NP > M > N > check (i.e., 8.01, 8.00, 7.51, 7.28, 7.00, 5.50, 4.89, and 3.43 Mg ha −1 , respectively). Yield response to applied N and P increased with time since yields in the check plots declined with time. Potassium fertilizer application provided no, slight, and dramatic increase in grain yield during the initial 6 yr, next 5 yr, and last 8 yr, respectively. Response of straw yield to fertilizers and M was similar to the grain yield. Mean HI increased with fertilizers in no‐M treatments for both crops. Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and straw increased markedly with fertilizers, and M increased it further. Fertilizers (N, NP, and NPK) led to NO 3 –N accumulation in most subsoil layers. Combined applications of fertilizers and M reduced soil NO 3 –N accumulation in soil compared with fertilizers alone. In conclusion, the findings suggest that it is important to use balanced application of chemical fertilizers and M at proper rates in order to protect soil and underground water from potential NO 3 –N pollution while also sustaining high crop production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain yield across fertilizer and manure treatments decreased from MNPK to the check.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (M)e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 8.01, 8.00, 7.51, 7.28, 7.00, 5.50, 4.89, and 3.43 Mg ha −1e2
- Comparator
- checke2
- Setting
- Zhangye, Gansu, Chinae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“to determine the effects of N, P, and K chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on grain and straw yield”
e2“Mean grain yield decreased in the order of MNPK ≥ MNP > NPK > MN > NP > M > N > check (i.e., 8.01, 8.00, 7.51, 7.28, 7.00, 5.50, 4.89, and 3.43 Mg ha −1 , respectively)”
e3“field experiment was conducted at Zhangye, Gansu, China”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield response to applied N and P increased with time.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- applied N and Pe4
- Outcome
- Yield responsee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- with timee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“Yield response to applied N and P increased with time since yields in the check plots declined with time”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields in the check plots declined with time.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yields in the check plotse4
- Direction
- declinede4
- Qualifier
- with timee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“Yield response to applied N and P increased with time since yields in the check plots declined with time”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilizer application gave no increase in grain yield during the initial 6 yr.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Potassium fertilizer applicatione5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Qualifier
- during the initial 6 yre5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Potassium fertilizer application provided no, slight, and dramatic increase in grain yield during the initial 6 yr, next 5 yr, and last 8 yr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilizer application gave a slight increase in grain yield during the next 5 yr.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Potassium fertilizer applicatione5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Qualifier
- next 5 yre5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Potassium fertilizer application provided no, slight, and dramatic increase in grain yield during the initial 6 yr, next 5 yr, and last 8 yr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilizer application gave a dramatic increase in grain yield during the last 8 yr.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Potassium fertilizer applicatione5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Qualifier
- last 8 yre5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Potassium fertilizer application provided no, slight, and dramatic increase in grain yield during the initial 6 yr, next 5 yr, and last 8 yr, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw yield response to fertilizers and M was similar to the grain yield response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilizers and Me6
- Outcome
- Response of straw yielde6
- Comparator
- the grain yielde6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Response of straw yield to fertilizers and M was similar to the grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizers increased the mean harvest index (HI).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilizerse7
- Outcome
- Mean HIe7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“Mean HI increased with fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and straw increased markedly with fertilizers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and strawe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- markedlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and straw increased markedly with fertilizers, and M increased it further”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure (M) increased crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and straw further than fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Me1
- Outcome
- Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and strawe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- furthere1
- Comparator
- fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Crude protein concentration and N uptake in grain and straw increased markedly with fertilizers, and M increased it further”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizers (N, NP, and NPK) increased nitrate-N accumulation in most subsoil layers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N, NP, and NPKe1
- Outcome
- NO 3 –N accumulatione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- in most subsoil layerse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Fertilizers (N, NP, and NPK) led to NO 3 –N accumulation in most subsoil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers and M reduced soil nitrate-N accumulation compared with fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Combined applications of fertilizers and Me1
- Outcome
- soil NO 3 –N accumulatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- fertilizers alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Combined applications of fertilizers and M reduced soil NO 3 –N accumulation in soil compared with fertilizers alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Balanced application of chemical fertilizers and M at proper rates is important to protect soil and groundwater from nitrate-N pollution while sustaining crop production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- balanced application of chemical fertilizers and M at proper ratese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“it is important to use balanced application of chemical fertilizers and M at proper rates”
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