Abstract
Abstract Climate change factors such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and temperature typically affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of crop plants and the performance of insect herbivores. Insect‐resistant transgenic plants invest some nutrients to the production of specific toxic proteins [i.e. endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)], which could alter the C–N balance of these plants, especially under changed abiotic conditions. Aphids are nonsusceptible to Lepidoptera‐targeted Bt Cry1Ac toxin and they typically show response to abiotic conditions, and here we sought to discover whether they might perform differently on compositionally changed Bt oilseed rape. Bt oilseed rape had increased N content in the leaves coupled with reduced total C compared with its nontransgenic counterpart, but in general the C : N responses of both plant types to elevated CO 2 and temperature were similar. Elevated CO 2 decreased N content and increased C : N ratio of both plant types. Elevated temperature increased C and N contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations under ambient CO 2 , but decreased these under elevated CO 2 . In addition, soluble sugars were increased and starch decreased by elevated temperature under ambient but not under elevated CO 2 , whereas photosynthesis was decreased in plants grown under elevated temperature in both CO 2 levels. Myzus persicae , a generalist aphid species, responded directly to elevated temperature with reduced developmental time and decreased adult and progeny weights, whereas the development of the Brassica specialist Brevicoryne brassicae was less affected. Feeding by M. persicae resulted in an increase in the N content of oilseed rape leaves under ambient CO 2 , indicating the potential of herbivore feeding itself to cause allocation changes. The aphids performed equally well on both plant types despite the differences between C–N ratios of Bt and non‐Bt oilseed rape, revealing the absence of plant composition‐related effects on these pests under elevated CO 2 , elevated temperature or combined elevated CO 2 and temperature conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Bt oilseed rape had higher leaf N content and lower total C than its nontransgenic counterpart.
- Taxon
- oilseed rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Material
- Bt oilseed rapee0
- Outcome
- N content in the leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- nontransgenic counterparte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bt oilseed rape had increased N content in the leaves coupled with reduced total C compared with its nontransgenic counterpart”
Claim · model-written summary
Bt oilseed rape had reduced total C relative to its nontransgenic counterpart.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napuse0
- Material
- Bt oilseed rapee0
- Outcome
- total Ce0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- nontransgenic counterparte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bt oilseed rape had increased N content in the leaves coupled with reduced total C compared with its nontransgenic counterpart”
Claim · model-written summary
Both plant types had generally similar C:N responses to elevated CO2 and temperature.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- C : N responsese0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in general the C : N responses of both plant types to elevated CO 2 and temperature were similar”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased N content in both oilseed rape plant types.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- N contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 decreased N content and increased C : N ratio of both plant types”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the C:N ratio of both oilseed rape plant types.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- C : N ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 decreased N content and increased C : N ratio of both plant types”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature increased C and N contents and pigment concentrations under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- Elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- C and N contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- ambient CO 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated temperature increased C and N contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations under ambient CO 2”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased C and N contents and pigment concentrations under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- Elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- C and N contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- elevated CO 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated temperature increased C and N contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations under ambient CO 2 , but decreased these under elevated CO 2”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature increased soluble sugars under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under ambient but not under elevated CO 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble sugars were increased and starch decreased by elevated temperature under ambient but not under elevated CO 2”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased starch under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- starche0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under ambient but not under elevated CO 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble sugars were increased and starch decreased by elevated temperature under ambient but not under elevated CO 2”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased photosynthesis at both CO2 levels.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both CO 2 levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthesis was decreased in plants grown under elevated temperature in both CO 2 levels”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature shortened development time of Myzus persicae.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Myzus persicae
Myzus persicaee0pest - Outcome
- developmental timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Myzus persicae , a generalist aphid species, responded directly to elevated temperature with reduced developmental time and decreased adult and progeny weights”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased adult and progeny weights of Myzus persicae.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Myzus persicaeMyzus persicaee0pest
- Outcome
- adult and progeny weightse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Myzus persicae , a generalist aphid species, responded directly to elevated temperature with reduced developmental time and decreased adult and progeny weights”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Development of Brevicoryne brassicae was less affected by elevated temperature.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napust0
- Interactor
- Brevicoryne brassicae
.jpg?width=60)
Brevicoryne brassicaee0pest - Outcome
- developmente0
- Direction
- less affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the development of the Brassica specialist Brevicoryne brassicae was less affected”
t0“oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Myzus persicae feeding increased leaf N content under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Feeding by M. persicaee0
- Interactor
- M. persicaeMyzus persicaee0pest
- Outcome
- N content of oilseed rape leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- ambient CO 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Feeding by M. persicae resulted in an increase in the N content of oilseed rape leaves under ambient CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphids performed equally on Bt and non-Bt oilseed rape under the tested climate conditions.
- Taxon
- oilseed rapeBrassica napuse0
- Material
- Bt and non‐Bt oilseed rapee0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- aphids performede0
- Direction
- equally welle0
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2 , elevated temperature or combined elevated CO 2 and temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aphids performed equally well on both plant types despite the differences between C–N ratios of Bt and non‐Bt oilseed rape, revealing the absence of plant composition‐related effects on these pests under elevated CO 2 , elevated temperature or combined elevated CO 2 and temperature conditions”
The same questions in other papers
heat · physiology: photosynthesis · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.