Abstract
The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America. The mean ED 50 value determined for 25 populations was 0.35 μg ml -1 , with values ranging from 0.11 μg ml -1 to 0.75 μg ml -1 . The mean level of scab control achieved at the kresoxim-methyl dose of 4 μg ml -1 was 93%. For one of the five orchards sampled in each region, kresoxim-methyl sensitivities of germinating conidia were determined. Sensitivities of 250 isolates were broadly distributed, with ED 50 values ranging from 0.003 μg ml -1 to 0.14 μg ml -1 and a mean of 0.02 μg ml -1 . This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflected for the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl in the protection of apple leaves from scab infections. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro sensitivities implies that in vivo tests are more useful for the monitoring of kresoxim-methyl sensitivities of orchard populations. Because it can be expected that only isolates resistant under both test conditions will be prone to future selection, such isolates will contribute to increased frequencies of the least sensitive isolates described in this baseline study. Testing of in vitro isolate sensitivities will, therefore, provide an additional tool in the monitoring of kresoxim-methyl resistance development.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Kresoxim-methyl at 4 μg ml -1 achieved 93% scab control on apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- kresoxim-methyle3
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise1pathogen - Outcome
- scab controle3
- Value
- 93%e3
- Setting
- five major apple growing regions in North Americae1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America”
e3“The mean level of scab control achieved at the kresoxim-methyl dose of 4 μg ml -1 was 93%”
Claim · model-written summary
Kresoxim-methyl efficacy on apple leaves was uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- kresoxim-methyle1
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficaciese1
- Qualifier
- uniforme1
- Setting
- five major apple growing regions in North Americae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America”
Claim · model-written summary
The mean ED 50 of 25 Venturia inaequalis populations was 0.35 μg ml -1, ranging from 0.11 to 0.75 μg ml -1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 25 populationse2
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- mean ED 50 valuee2
- Value
- 0.35 μg ml -1e2
- Qualifier
- with values ranging from 0.11 μg ml -1 to 0.75 μg ml -1e2
- Setting
- five major apple growing regions in North Americae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America”
e2“The mean ED 50 value determined for 25 populations was 0.35 μg ml -1 , with values ranging from 0.11 μg ml -1 to 0.75 μg ml -1”
Claim · model-written summary
Venturia inaequalis isolates (250) had a mean ED 50 of 0.02 μg ml -1 and broadly distributed sensitivities.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- 250 isolatese4
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- ED 50 valuese4
- Value
- 0.02 μg ml -1e4
- Qualifier
- broadly distributede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The efficacies of the new strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl for the protection of apple leaves from infection by baseline populations of Venturia inaequalis were uniform across five major apple growing regions in North America”
e4“Sensitivities of 250 isolates were broadly distributed, with ED 50 values ranging from 0.003 μg ml -1 to 0.14 μg ml -1 and a mean of 0.02 μg ml -1”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro sensitivity range of isolates was not reflected in the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl on apple leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae5
- Treatment
- kresoxim-methyle5
- Outcome
- in vivo efficacye5
- Qualifier
- This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflectede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflected for the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl in the protection of apple leaves from scab infections”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo tests should be used to monitor kresoxim-methyl sensitivity of orchard apple populations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae5
- Outcome
- in vivo tests are more useful for the monitoringe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflected for the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl in the protection of apple leaves from scab infections”
e6“The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro sensitivities implies that in vivo tests are more useful for the monitoring of kresoxim-methyl sensitivities of orchard populations”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro isolate sensitivity testing is an additional tool for monitoring kresoxim-methyl resistance development in apple scab.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae5
- Outcome
- provide an additional tool in the monitoring of kresoxim-methyl resistance developmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This broad range of in vitro sensitivities was not reflected for the in vivo efficacy of kresoxim-methyl in the protection of apple leaves from scab infections”
e7“Testing of in vitro isolate sensitivities will, therefore, provide an additional tool in the monitoring of kresoxim-methyl resistance development”
The same questions in other papers
kresoxim-methyl · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.