Abstract
Abstract Restoration of salt marsh ecosystems is an important concern in the eastern United States to mitigate damage caused by industrial development. Little attention has been directed to the mycorrhizal influence on plantings of salt marsh species to stabilize estuarine sediments and establish cover. In our study, seedlings of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora and Spartina cynosuroides , were grown in soil with a commercial, mixed species inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants were grown in experimental “ebb and flow” boxes, simulating three levels of tidal inundation, to which two levels of applied phosphorus (P) and two levels of salinity were imposed. After 2.5 months, S. alterniflora was poorly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae, developing only fungal hyphae and no arbuscules, but S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized. Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and nitrogen (N) content of both plant species at low levels of P supply but significantly increased tillering in both plant species. This factor could be beneficial in enhancing ground cover during restoration procedures. Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio. Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora but not of S. cynosuroides . Growth and nutrient content of S. alterniflora was improved at higher levels of salinity, but only increased nutrient content in S. cynosuroides . Increased duration of tidal inundation decreased plant growth in both species, but tissue P and N concentrations were highest with the longest time of inundation in both species.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
S. alterniflora developed only fungal hyphae and no arbuscules after 2.5 months.
- Taxon
- S. alterniflora
Sporobolus alternifloruse0 - Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- poorly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae, developing only fungal hyphae and no arbusculese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 2.5 months, S. alterniflora was poorly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae, developing only fungal hyphae and no arbuscules, but S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized”
Claim · model-written summary
S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized.
- Taxon
- S. cynosuroides
Sporobolus cynosuroidese0 - Outcome
- moderately colonizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and N content of S. alterniflora at low P.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and P and nitrogen (N) contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at low levels of P supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and nitrogen (N) content of both plant species at low levels of P supply”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and N content of S. cynosuroides at low P.
- Taxon
- Spartina cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidest0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and P and nitrogen (N) contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- at low levels of P supplye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and nitrogen (N) content of both plant species at low levels of P supply”
t0“Spartina cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased tillering in S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but significantly increased tillering in both plant species”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased tillering in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- Spartina cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidest0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but significantly increased tillering in both plant species”
t0“Spartina cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater P availability increased mycorrhizal status in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- S. cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidese0
- Treatment
- Greater P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal statuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater P availability improved P nutrition in S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Treatment
- Greater P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- P nutritione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater P availability improved P nutrition in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- S. cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidese0
- Treatment
- Greater P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- P nutritione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater P availability reduced the root-to-shoot ratio in both grasses.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Treatment
- Greater P availabilitye0
- Outcome
- root‐to‐shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root‐to‐shoot ratio”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- S. alternifloraSporobolus alternifloruse0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora but not of S. cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity did not reduce mycorrhizal colonization of S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- S. cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidese0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal colonizatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora but not of S. cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salinity improved growth and nutrient content of S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- S. alternifloraSporobolus alternifloruse0
- Treatment
- higher levels of salinitye0
- Outcome
- Growth and nutrient contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth and nutrient content of S. alterniflora was improved at higher levels of salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher salinity increased nutrient content only in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- S. cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidese0
- Outcome
- nutrient contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but only increased nutrient content in S. cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer inundation decreased growth in S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Treatment
- Increased duration of tidal inundatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased duration of tidal inundation decreased plant growth in both species”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer inundation decreased growth in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- Spartina cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidest0
- Treatment
- Increased duration of tidal inundatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased duration of tidal inundation decreased plant growth in both species”
t0“Spartina cynosuroides”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue P and N concentrations were highest under the longest inundation in S. alterniflora.
- Taxon
- Spartina alternifloraSporobolus alterniflorust0
- Treatment
- longest time of inundatione0
- Outcome
- tissue P and N concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tissue P and N concentrations were highest with the longest time of inundation in both species”
t0“Spartina alterniflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Tissue P and N concentrations were highest under the longest inundation in S. cynosuroides.
- Taxon
- Spartina cynosuroidesSporobolus cynosuroidest0
- Treatment
- longest time of inundatione0
- Outcome
- tissue P and N concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tissue P and N concentrations were highest with the longest time of inundation in both species”
t0“Spartina cynosuroides”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Sporobolus alterniflorus (smooth cordgrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.