Abstract
Anthropogenic activities contaminate soils with heavy metal concentrations including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr). Pb has higher potential for ready accumulation, sedimentation, and poisoning of the soil than other heavy metals. The present study was conducted to induce Pb tolerance, in solution culture-grown cotton, by exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) application using 3 levels of Pb (0, 50, and 100 µm) and 2 GB levels (0 and 1 mM). The results revealed that Pb stress decreased gas exchange characteristics (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and SPAD value) and the performance of antioxidant enzymes. Toxic effects of Pb stress were mitigated by GB application, which in turn increased the plant growth and gas exchange characteristics by reducing the performance of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H_{2}O_{2}), and electrolytic leakage. An increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes helped in mediating the adverse effect of the Pb stress as compared to plants treated with Pb alone. The results revealed that exogenous application of GB significantly alleviated the Pb toxicity by improving the growth, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters in cotton (Gossypium L.) plants. GB increased Pb tolerance by enhancing the chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthetic activities, and antioxidant enzyme activities and by lowering the electrolytic leakage, MDA, and H_{2}O_{2} levels.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress decreased cotton gas exchange and pigment measures.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Outcome
- gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb stress decreased gas exchange characteristics (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and SPAD value) and the performance of antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress decreased antioxidant enzyme performance in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Outcome
- performance of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb stress decreased gas exchange characteristics (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and SPAD value) and the performance of antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine increased cotton growth under lead stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxic effects of Pb stress were mitigated by GB application, which in turn increased the plant growth and gas exchange characteristics by reducing the performance of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H_{2}O_{2}), and electrolytic leakage.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine increased gas exchange under lead stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- gas exchange characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxic effects of Pb stress were mitigated by GB application, which in turn increased the plant growth and gas exchange characteristics by reducing the performance of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H_{2}O_{2}), and electrolytic leakage.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine reduced malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage under lead stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H_{2}O_{2}), and electrolytic leakagee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxic effects of Pb stress were mitigated by GB application, which in turn increased the plant growth and gas exchange characteristics by reducing the performance of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H_{2}O_{2}), and electrolytic leakage.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activity increased relative to lead-only plants.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- plants treated with Pb alonee0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes helped in mediating the adverse effect of the Pb stress as compared to plants treated with Pb alone.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine significantly alleviated lead toxicity in cotton growth, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- cotton (Gossypium L.)Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of GBe0
- Outcome
- growth, biomass, and photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that exogenous application of GB significantly alleviated the Pb toxicity by improving the growth, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters in cotton (Gossypium L.) plants.”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · physiology: gas exchange · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: oxidative · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: photosynthesis · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
glycine betaine · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →heavy metal · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.