Abstract
Soil salinization adversely affects agricultural productivity. Mitigating the adverse effects of salinity represents a current major challenge for agricultural researchers worldwide. The effects of exogenously applied glycine betaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) on mitigating sodium toxicity and improving the growth of cotton seedlings subjected to salt stress remain unclear. The treatments in a phytotron included a control (CK, exogenously untreated, non-saline), two NaCl conditions (0 and 150 mM), four exogenous GB concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM), and four exogenous SA concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM). The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK. Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone. Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation. NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA. Supplementation with 5.0 mM exogenous GB was more effective in controlling the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) under NaCl stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt exposure increased sodium in cotton shoots and roots relative to untreated non-saline controls.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Organ / stage
- shoot and rootse0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCl without supplementatione0
- Outcome
- Na+e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt exposure reduced potassium, calcium and magnesium contents in cotton shoots and roots relative to controls.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot and rootse0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCl without supplementatione0
- Outcome
- K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt exposure lowered cotton seedling biomass relative to controls.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCl without supplementatione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved ion uptake regulation under salt stress relative to salt stress alone.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe0
- Outcome
- ion uptake regulatione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- NaCl stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid improved ion uptake regulation under salt stress relative to salt stress alone.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- ion uptake regulatione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- NaCl stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved cotton biomass accumulation under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- NaCl stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid improved cotton biomass accumulation under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- NaCl stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Among tested glycine betaine doses, 5.0 mM was most effective for mitigating sodium toxicity and enhancing cotton biomass under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 5.0 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Among tested salicylic acid doses, 1.0 mM was most effective for mitigating sodium toxicity and enhancing cotton biomass under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced cotton height, leaf area, leaf water potential and nitrogen in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and rootse0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved cotton growth and water and nitrogen traits under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 5.0 mM GBe0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid improved cotton growth and water and nitrogen traits under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine was more effective at controlling cotton conductivity loss under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 5.0 mM exogenous GBe0
- Outcome
- percentage loss of conductivity (PLC)e0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementation with 5.0 mM exogenous GB was more effective in controlling the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) under NaCl stress.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: water · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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sodium chloride · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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See all 11 papers →salicylic acid · physiology: ion balance · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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salicylic acid · physiology: water · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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glycine betaine · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 5 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.