Abstract
Exposure of several species of the family Poaceae to cadmium results in the formation of metal-induced peptides of the general structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Ser (n=2-4). They are assumed to be formed from hydroxymethyl-glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Ser) and are termed hydroxymethyl-phytochelatins (hm-PCs) in analogy to the homo-phytochelatins [(gamma-Glu-Cys)n-beta-Ala], discovered in legumes, and the phytochelatins [PCs, (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly] found in most other plants and many fungi. The hm-PCs were isolated from the roots of cadmium-exposed rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Strella), and their structure was confirmed by amino acid analysis after total and enzymic hydrolysis and by tandem mass spectrometry. The hm-PCs probably play a significant role in heavy metal detoxication in rice. In addition to this new form of gamma-Glu-Cys (gamma EC) peptide, PCs and gamma EC peptides without C-terminal Ser or Gly are found. All gamma EC peptides are synthesized without delay after incubation of rice plants in 100 microM CdCl2 in the roots as well as in the shoots. Incubation times exceeding 24 h or higher concentrations of cadmium result in a selective enrichment of gamma EC peptides with higher chain length and an increased ratio of PCs to hm-PCs. gamma EC peptide synthesis is accompanied by a decrease of the glutathione content and an increase of the hydroxymethyl-glutathione content in roots and shoots of rice plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium exposure induced (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Ser peptides in Poaceae.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of several species of the family Poaceae to cadmium results in the formation of metal-induced peptides of the general structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Ser (n=2-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroxymethyl phytochelatins were isolated from cadmium exposed rice roots and their structure confirmed.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Oryza sativa L. cv Strellae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- hm-PCse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hm-PCs were isolated from the roots of cadmium-exposed rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Strella), and their structure was confirmed by amino acid analysis after total and enzymic hydrolysis and by tandem mass spectrometry.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice also contained PCs and gamma EC peptides without terminal Ser or Gly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- PCs and gamma EC peptides without C-terminal Ser or Glye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCs and gamma EC peptides without C-terminal Ser or Gly are found.”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Strella)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice synthesized gamma EC peptides without delay after 100 microM CdCl2 exposure in roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 100 microM CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- gamma EC peptidese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All gamma EC peptides are synthesized without delay after incubation of rice plants in 100 microM CdCl2 in the roots as well as in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice synthesized gamma EC peptides without delay after 100 microM CdCl2 exposure in shoots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- 100 microM CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- gamma EC peptidese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All gamma EC peptides are synthesized without delay after incubation of rice plants in 100 microM CdCl2 in the roots as well as in the shoots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer incubation or more cadmium enriched longer-chain gamma EC peptides.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Incubation times exceeding 24 h or higher concentrations of cadmiume0
- Outcome
- gamma EC peptides with higher chain lengthe0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incubation times exceeding 24 h or higher concentrations of cadmium result in a selective enrichment of gamma EC peptides with higher chain length”
e1“incubation of rice plants in 100 microM CdCl2”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer incubation or more cadmium increased the ratio of PCs to hm-PCs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Incubation times exceeding 24 h or higher concentrations of cadmiume0
- Outcome
- ratio of PCs to hm-PCse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incubation times exceeding 24 h or higher concentrations of cadmium result in a selective enrichment of gamma EC peptides with higher chain length and an increased ratio of PCs to hm-PCs.”
e1“incubation of rice plants in 100 microM CdCl2”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma EC peptide synthesis accompanied a decrease in rice glutathione content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Outcome
- glutathione contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- gamma EC peptide synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gamma EC peptide synthesis is accompanied by a decrease of the glutathione content and an increase of the hydroxymethyl-glutathione content in roots and shoots of rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma EC peptide synthesis accompanied an increase in rice hydroxymethyl-glutathione content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Outcome
- hydroxymethyl-glutathione contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- gamma EC peptide synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gamma EC peptide synthesis is accompanied by a decrease of the glutathione content and an increase of the hydroxymethyl-glutathione content in roots and shoots of rice plants.”