Abstract
Inbreeding depression, the decreased fitness of progeny derived from self-fertilization compared to outcrossing, is affected by the environmental conditions in which it is examined, often being greater in adverse environments than in benign environments. We germinated selfed and outcrossed seeds from the same Blandfordia grandiflora plants and estimated inbreeding depression in germination under benign laboratory conditions and adverse field conditions. In both environments, more outcrossed seeds germinated than did selfed seeds. In the laboratory, only 7.7% more outcrossed seeds germinated than did selfed seeds (98.4% ± 0.6 vs. 90.7% ± 3.9), whereas in the field the difference was 22.1% (92.5% ± 1.9 vs. 70.4% ± 5.0). The decrease in germination between the laboratory and field was only 5.9% for outcrossed seeds, but was 20.8% for selfed seeds. Germination of selfed seeds was more variable than of outcrossed seeds in both environments (coefficients of variation, selfed seeds vs. outcrossed seeds: laboratory, 13.6% vs. 1.9%; field, 22.5% vs. 6.5%). Germination success varied significantly among maternal plants, except for outcrossed seeds in the laboratory. In the laboratory, 60% of plants expressed inbreeding depression, whereas in the field all plants expressed inbreeding depression. The magnitude of inbreeding depression was significantly greater in the field than in the laboratory (0.242 ± 0.156 vs. 0.078 ± 0.130). Inbreeding depression of individual plants was positively related between the two environments (r = 0.69). The greater inbreeding depression in the field indicated that selfed seeds were unable to cope with the physiological demands that were imposed by the more adverse field environment.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Outcrossed seeds germinated more than selfed seeds in both environments.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandiflora
Blandfordia grandiflorat0 - Outcome
- outcrossed seeds germinatede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- selfed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both environments, more outcrossed seeds germinated than did selfed seeds.”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Laboratory germination was 7.7% higher for outcrossed than selfed seeds.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- outcrossed seeds germinatede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 7.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 98.4% ± 0.6 vs. 90.7% ± 3.9e0
- Comparator
- selfed seedse0
- Setting
- laboratorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the laboratory, only 7.7% more outcrossed seeds germinated than did selfed seeds (98.4% ± 0.6 vs. 90.7% ± 3.9)”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Field germination was 22.1% higher for outcrossed than selfed seeds.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- differencee0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 22.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 92.5% ± 1.9 vs. 70.4% ± 5.0e0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field the difference was 22.1% (92.5% ± 1.9 vs. 70.4% ± 5.0)”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Outcrossed seed germination decreased by 5.9% from laboratory to field.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Material
- outcrossed seedse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 5.9%e0
- Setting
- laboratory and fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in germination between the laboratory and field was only 5.9% for outcrossed seeds”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Selfed seed germination decreased by 20.8% from laboratory to field.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- selfed seedse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 20.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was 20.8% for selfed seeds.”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Selfed seed germination was more variable than outcrossed seed germination in both environments.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- Germination of selfed seedse0
- Direction
- more variablee0
- Comparator
- outcrossed seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of selfed seeds was more variable than of outcrossed seeds in both environments”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination success varied significantly among maternal plants except for outcrossed laboratory seeds.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- Germination successe0
- Direction
- variede0
- Qualifier
- except for outcrossed seeds in the laboratorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination success varied significantly among maternal plants, except for outcrossed seeds in the laboratory.”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
In the laboratory, 60% of plants expressed inbreeding depression.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- plants expressed inbreeding depressione0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Setting
- laboratorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the laboratory, 60% of plants expressed inbreeding depression”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, all plants expressed inbreeding depression.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- all plants expressed inbreeding depressione0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the field all plants expressed inbreeding depression”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Inbreeding depression was significantly greater in the field than laboratory.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- magnitude of inbreeding depressione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 0.242 ± 0.156 vs. 0.078 ± 0.130e0
- Comparator
- laboratorye0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The magnitude of inbreeding depression was significantly greater in the field than in the laboratory (0.242 ± 0.156 vs. 0.078 ± 0.130)”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual plant inbreeding depression was positively related between environments.
- Taxon
- Blandfordia grandifloraBlandfordia grandiflorat0
- Outcome
- Inbreeding depression of individual plantse0
- Direction
- positively relatede0
- Value
- r = 0.69e0
- Setting
- two environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inbreeding depression of individual plants was positively related between the two environments (r = 0.69)”
t0“Blandfordia grandiflora”