Abstract
Apical organization and the ontogeny of leaves of the ‘Hawkeye’ variety of soybean plants were examined. The initial region of the shoot apex consisted of a corpus and a 2‐layered tunica. Cells of the inner tunica layer were responsible for the initiation and development of leaves and stipules which were not significantly affected by foliar applications of a 50 mg/liter aqueous solution of gibberellic acid (GA). Initiation of leaves and stipules was simultaneous, but the early growth of the latter was more rapid. At the sixth or seventh node, the growth of the leaf primordia surpassed that of the stipules. There was meristematic activity in the stipular primordia to about the fifth node after which growth continued by cell enlargement. Stipels were initiated in the subepidermal layer of cells of the fourth leaf primordium, and development was completed at the eighth or ninth node. Gibberellic acid did not affect the size or shape of the stipels. Chlorosis of leaves and a reduction in size of the leaflets was apparent in GA‐treated plants. Terminal leaflets of treated plants had a slightly thinner lamina, smaller cells in the palisade layer and a greater amount of intercellular space. Increased cell elongation caused an early elongation of the internodes of the treated plants. Reduction of cell diameter resulted in a reduction in diameter of stems in GA‐treated plants. In response to GA, more lignified xylem parenchyma was produced, and partial collapse of relatively thin‐walled vessel elements and tracheids occurred. The extension of axillary shoots of GA‐treated plants was delayed temporarily, but once their extension began, they quickly surpassed the growth of the axillary shoots of untreated plants. Cell elongation was a major factor in the rapid extension of axillary shoots of treated plants. Anthesis was delayed and the number of pods per plant reduced in treated plants grown in long days. Only axillary flowers developed on treated and untreated plants grown in long days; however, the shoot apex of treated and untreated plants became floral in short days. The transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase was delayed in treated plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean shoot apex had a corpus and two-layered tunica.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANS
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- corpus and a 2‐layered tunicae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“The initial region of the shoot apex consisted of a corpus and a 2‐layered tunica”
Claim · model-written summary
Inner tunica cells initiated leaves and stipules; gibberellic acid did not significantly alter this process.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- foliar applications of a 50 mg/liter aqueous solution of gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- initiation and development of leaves and stipulese0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Cells of the inner tunica layer were responsible for the initiation and development of leaves and stipules which were not significantly affected by foliar applications of a 50 mg/liter aqueous solution of gibberellic acid (GA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves and stipules initiated simultaneously, with faster early stipule growth.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Initiation of leaves and stipulese0
- Qualifier
- early growth of the latter was more rapide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Initiation of leaves and stipules was simultaneous, but the early growth of the latter was more rapid”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf primordia outgrew stipules at the sixth or seventh node.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- growth of the leaf primordiae0
- Value
- sixth or seventh nodee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“At the sixth or seventh node, the growth of the leaf primordia surpassed that of the stipules”
Claim · model-written summary
Stipule primordia remained meristematic to about the fifth node, then grew by cell enlargement.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- meristematic activity in the stipular primordiae0
- Qualifier
- after which growth continued by cell enlargemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“There was meristematic activity in the stipular primordia to about the fifth node after which growth continued by cell enlargement”
Claim · model-written summary
Stipels arose in the subepidermal layer of the fourth leaf primordium and completed development at the eighth or ninth node.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Stipels were initiated in the subepidermal layer of cellse0
- Qualifier
- development was completed at the eighth or ninth nodee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Stipels were initiated in the subepidermal layer of cells of the fourth leaf primordium, and development was completed at the eighth or ninth node”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid did not affect stipel size or shape.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- size or shape of the stipelse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Gibberellic acid did not affect the size or shape of the stipels”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid treated plants showed leaf chlorosis and smaller leaflets.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- GA‐treatede0
- Outcome
- Chlorosis of leaves and a reduction in size of the leafletse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Chlorosis of leaves and a reduction in size of the leaflets was apparent in GA‐treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminal leaflets of treated plants had thinner laminae, smaller palisade cells and more intercellular space.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- thinner lamina, smaller cells in the palisade layer and a greater amount of intercellular spacee0
- Direction
- thinnere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Terminal leaflets of treated plants had a slightly thinner lamina, smaller cells in the palisade layer and a greater amount of intercellular space”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased cell elongation caused earlier internode elongation in treated plants.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- internodese0
- Outcome
- early elongation of the internodese0
- Qualifier
- Increased cell elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Increased cell elongation caused an early elongation of the internodes of the treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced cell diameter caused thinner stems in treated plants.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- reduction in diameter of stemse0
- Qualifier
- Reduction of cell diametere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Reduction of cell diameter resulted in a reduction in diameter of stems in GA‐treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid produced more lignified xylem parenchyma.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Outcome
- lignified xylem parenchymae0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“In response to GA, more lignified xylem parenchyma was produced”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid produced partial collapse of thin-walled vessels and tracheids.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- partial collapse of relatively thin‐walled vessel elements and tracheidse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“partial collapse of relatively thin‐walled vessel elements and tracheids occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Axillary shoot extension was initially delayed by gibberellic acid, then surpassed untreated shoots.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- GA‐treated plantse0
- Outcome
- extension of axillary shootse0
- Direction
- delayed temporarilye0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“The extension of axillary shoots of GA‐treated plants was delayed temporarily, but once their extension began, they quickly surpassed the growth of the axillary shoots of untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell elongation contributed to rapid extension of treated axillary shoots.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- rapid extension of axillary shootse0
- Qualifier
- Cell elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Cell elongation was a major factor in the rapid extension of axillary shoots of treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under long days, gibberellic acid delayed anthesis.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- Anthesise0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- grown in long dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Anthesis was delayed and the number of pods per plant reduced in treated plants grown in long days”
Claim · model-written summary
Under long days, gibberellic acid reduced pods per plant.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- number of pods per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- grown in long dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Anthesis was delayed and the number of pods per plant reduced in treated plants grown in long days”
Claim · model-written summary
Under long days only axillary flowers developed in treated and untreated plants, whereas short days induced a floral shoot apex.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Only axillary flowers developede0
- Qualifier
- grown in long dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“Only axillary flowers developed on treated and untreated plants grown in long days; however, the shoot apex of treated and untreated plants became floral in short days”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid delayed the vegetative to reproductive transition.
- Taxon
- SOYBEANSGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phasee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“SOYBEANS”
e0“The transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase was delayed in treated plants”
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