Abstract
1. Dendroctonus frontalis and I ps avulsus bore through the bark and tunnel in the phloem. The beetle inoculates the wood with fungi and the entrance holes and beetle galleries serve to expose the wood to the air. 2. The outer rings of the tree lose the capacity to conduct dye solutions successively from the first ring toward the center. This gradually advances to the center of the tree and cuts off the supply of water to the leaves which empty the top of water and die. 3. Failure of the outer rings to conduct dye solutions is intimately associated with drying of the wood. The suggestion is made that theaccumulation of air in the rings, which accompanies the loss of moisture, forms a resistance sufficient to stop the vertical and lateral transport of water. 4. The failure of the wood to conduct dye solutions is also closely associated with the penetration of the wood by fungi. Ceratostomellapini and fungus no. I are practically the only fungi which penetrate deeply into the wood during the early stages of attack. Inoculations show that C. pini growing alone is able to kill the trees, but fungus no. I has not been tested. 5. From the close connection between the drying and the position of the fungi in the wood, it is suggested that the drying is acceleratedby the action of the fungi on the cells. 6. The stoppage of conduction is probably also associated with the aspiration of the tori, as indicated by NELSON'S work. He suggests that blocking of the pits of the tracheids by the tori might account for the stoppage of conduction.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Outer rings of the tree lose the capacity to conduct dye solutions, progressively toward the centre
- Organ / stage
- outer ringse1
- Interactor
- Bark BeetlesScolytinaet0pest
- Outcome
- capacity to conduct dye solutionse1
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e1“The outer rings of the tree lose the capacity to conduct dye solutions successively from the first ring toward the center”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of conduction cuts off the water supply to the leaves, which empty of water and die
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Interactor
- Bark BeetlesScolytinaet0pest
- Outcome
- supply of water to the leavese7
- Qualifier
- which empty the top of water and diee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e7“cuts off the supply of water to the leaves which empty the top of water and die”
Claim · model-written summary
Failure of the outer rings to conduct dye is associated with drying of the wood
- Organ / stage
- outer ringse2
- Interactor
- Bark BeetlesScolytinaet0pest
- Outcome
- drying of the woode2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e2“Failure of the outer rings to conduct dye solutions is intimately associated with drying of the wood”
Claim · model-written summary
Failure of the wood to conduct dye is associated with penetration of the wood by fungi
- Organ / stage
- woode3
- Second interactor
- Bark BeetlesScolytinaet0pest
- Outcome
- penetration of the wood by fungie3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e3“The failure of the wood to conduct dye solutions is also closely associated with the penetration of the wood by fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Ceratostomella pini and fungus no. I are practically the only fungi that penetrate deeply into the wood early in attack
- Interactor
- fungus no. Ie4pathogen
- Second interactor
- Ceratostomella pinie4pathogen
- Outcome
- penetrate deeply into the wood during the early stages of attacke4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e4“Ceratostomellapini and fungus no. I are practically the only fungi which penetrate deeply into the wood during the early stages of attack”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with C. pini alone was able to kill pine trees
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e5“Inoculations show that C. pini growing alone is able to kill the trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Drying of the wood is suggested to be accelerated by the action of fungi on the cells
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e6“it is suggested that the drying is acceleratedby the action of the fungi on the cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Stoppage of conduction is probably associated with aspiration of the tori
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e7“The stoppage of conduction is probably also associated with the aspiration of the tori”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulation of air in the rings, with moisture loss, is suggested to block vertical and lateral water transport
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e7“accumulation of air in the rings, which accompanies the loss of moisture, forms a resistance sufficient to stop the vertical and lateral transport of water”
Claim · model-written summary
Dendroctonus frontalis and Ips avulsus bore through the bark and tunnel in the phloem of pines
- Interactor
- Dendroctonus frontalis
.jpg?width=60)
Dendroctonus frontalise7pest - Second interactor
- I ps avulsuse7pest
- Outcome
- bore through the bark and tunnel in the phloeme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e7“Dendroctonus frontalis and I ps avulsus bore through the bark and tunnel in the phloem”
Claim · model-written summary
The beetle inoculates the wood of pines with fungi
- Second interactor
- Bark BeetlesScolytinaet0pest
- Outcome
- inoculates the wood with fungie7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiology of Pines Infested with Bark Beetles”
e7“The beetle inoculates the wood with fungi”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · pest · PinusPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.