Abstract
The motility of zoospores is critical in the disease cycles of Peronosporomycetes that cause devastating diseases in plants, fishes, vertebrates, and microbes. In the course of screening for secondary metabolites, we found that ethyl acetate extracts of a marine Streptomyces sp. strain B5136 rapidly impaired the motility of zoospores of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola at 0.1 μg/ml. The active principle in the extracts was identified as staurosporine, a known broad-spectrum inhibitor of protein kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC). In the presence of staurosporine (2 nM), zoospores moved very slowly in their axis or spun in tight circles, instead of displaying straight swimming in a helical fashion. Compounds such as K-252a, K-252b, and K-252c structurally related to staurosporine also impaired the motility of zoospores in a similar manner but at varying doses. Among the 22 known kinase inhibitors tested, the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine was the most potent to arrest the motility of zoospores at concentrations starting from 5 nM. Inhibitors that targeted kinase pathways other than PKC pathways did not practically show any activity in impairing zoospore motility. Interestingly, both staurosporine (5 nM) and chelerythrine (10 nM) also inhibited the release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangia in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, staurosporine completely suppressed downy mildew disease in grapevine leaves at 2 μM, suggesting the potential of small-molecule PKC inhibitors for the control of peronosporomycete phytopathogens. Taken together, these results suggest that PKC is likely to be a key signaling mediator associated with zoosporogenesis and the maintenance of flagellar motility in peronosporomycete zoospores.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts of a marine Streptomyces sp. rapidly impaired zoospore motility of Plasmopara viticola at 0.1 μg/ml.
- Treatment
- ethyl acetate extracts of a marine Streptomyces sp. strain B5136e1
- Interactor
- Plasmopara viticola
Plasmopara viticolae1pathogen - Outcome
- motility of zoosporese1
- Direction
- impairede1
- Value
- 0.1 μg/mle1
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ethyl acetate extracts of a marine Streptomyces sp. strain B5136 rapidly impaired the motility of zoospores of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola at 0.1 μg/ml”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine (2 nM) makes zoospores move very slowly or spin in tight circles instead of swimming straight.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e3“In the presence of staurosporine (2 nM), zoospores moved very slowly in their axis or spun in tight circles, instead of displaying straight swimming in a helical fashion”
Claim · model-written summary
K-252a, K-252b and K-252c impaired zoospore motility in a similar manner to staurosporine, at varying doses.
- Treatment
- K-252a, K-252b, and K-252ce4
- Outcome
- motility of zoosporese4
- Direction
- impairede4
- Qualifier
- at varying dosese4
- Comparator
- staurosporinee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e4“Compounds such as K-252a, K-252b, and K-252c structurally related to staurosporine also impaired the motility of zoospores in a similar manner but at varying doses”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelerythrine was the most potent inhibitor of zoospore motility among 22 known kinase inhibitors, active from 5 nM.
- Treatment
- the PKC inhibitor chelerythrinee5
- Outcome
- motility of zoosporese5
- Direction
- most potent to arreste5
- Value
- 5 nMe5
- Comparator
- 22 known kinase inhibitorse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e5“Among the 22 known kinase inhibitors tested, the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine was the most potent to arrest the motility of zoospores at concentrations starting from 5 nM”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitors of kinase pathways other than PKC did not practically impair zoospore motility.
- Treatment
- Inhibitors that targeted kinase pathways other than PKC pathwayse6
- Outcome
- impairing zoospore motilitye6
- Direction
- did not practically show any activitye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e6“Inhibitors that targeted kinase pathways other than PKC pathways did not practically show any activity in impairing zoospore motility”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine (5 nM) inhibits release of Plasmopara viticola zoospores from sporangia in a dose-dependent manner.
- Treatment
- staurosporine (5 nM)e7
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae7pathogen
- Outcome
- release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangiae7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Value
- 5 nMe7
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent mannere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e7“Interestingly, both staurosporine (5 nM) and chelerythrine (10 nM) also inhibited the release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangia in a dose-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelerythrine (10 nM) inhibits release of Plasmopara viticola zoospores from sporangia in a dose-dependent manner.
- Treatment
- chelerythrine (10 nM)e7
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae7pathogen
- Outcome
- release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangiae7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Value
- 10 nMe7
- Qualifier
- in a dose-dependent mannere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e7“Interestingly, both staurosporine (5 nM) and chelerythrine (10 nM) also inhibited the release of zoospores from the P. viticola sporangia in a dose-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine at 2 μM completely suppressed downy mildew disease in grapevine leaves.
- Treatment
- staurosporinee0
- Interactor
- Plasmopara viticolaPlasmopara viticolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- downy mildew diseasee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 2 μMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“staurosporine completely suppressed downy mildew disease in grapevine leaves at 2 μM”
e1“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
Claim · model-written summary
PKC is likely a key signalling mediator of zoosporogenesis and flagellar motility maintenance in peronosporomycete zoospores.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e0“Taken together, these results suggest that PKC is likely to be a key signaling mediator associated with zoosporogenesis and the maintenance of flagellar motility in peronosporomycete zoospores”
Claim · model-written summary
Staurosporine was identified as the active principle in the Streptomyces extracts.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”
e0“The active principle in the extracts was identified as staurosporine”
The same questions in other papers
ethyl acetate · Plasmopara viticola · VitisResults agree
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staurosporine · disease · VitisResults agree
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EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor · disease · VitisResults agree
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chelerythrine · disease · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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staurosporine · Plasmopara viticola · VitisResults agree
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chelerythrine · Plasmopara viticola · VitisResults agree
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botanical · Plasmopara viticola · VitisResults agree
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- positive
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See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.