Abstract
Vernalization-2 (Vrn-2) is the major flowering repressor in temperate cereals. It is only expressed under long days in wild-type plants. We used two day-neutral (photoperiod insensitive) mutations that allow rapid flowering in short or long days to investigate the day length control of Vrn-2. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) early maturity8 (eam8) mutation affects the barley ELF3 gene. eam8 mutants disrupt the circadian clock resulting in elevated expression of Ppd-H1 and the floral activator HvFT1 under short or long days. When eam8 was crossed into a genetic background with a vernalization requirement Vrn-2 was expressed under all photoperiods and the early flowering phenotype was partially repressed in unvernalized (UV) plants, likely due to competition between the constitutively active photoperiod pathway and the repressing effect of Vrn-2. We also investigated the wheat (Triticum aestivum) Ppd-D1a mutation. This differs from eam8 in causing elevated levels of Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expression without affecting the circadian clock. We used genotypes that differed in "short-day vernalization". Short days were effective in promoting flowering in individuals wild type at Ppd-D1, but not in individuals that carry the Ppd-D1a mutation. The latter showed Vrn-2 expression in short days. In summary, eam8 and Ppd-D1a mimic long days in terms of photoperiod response, causing Vrn-2 to become aberrantly expressed (in short days). As Ppd-D1a does not affect the circadian clock, this also shows that clock regulation of Vrn-2 operates indirectly through one or more downstream genes, one of which may be Ppd-1.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Barley eam8 mutants elevated Ppd-H1 and HvFT1 expression under short and long days.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- eam8 mutantse0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1 and the floral activator HvFT1e0
- Outcome
- elevated expressione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- under short or long dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“eam8 mutants disrupt the circadian clock resulting in elevated expression of Ppd-H1 and the floral activator HvFT1 under short or long days”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley eam8 mutants disrupted the circadian clock.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- eam8 mutantse0
- Outcome
- circadian clocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eam8 mutants disrupt the circadian clock”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
In a vernalization-requiring background, eam8 caused Vrn-2 expression under all photoperiods.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- eam8 was crossed into a genetic background with a vernalization requiremente0
- Gene
- Vrn-2e0
- Outcome
- Vrn-2 was expressed under all photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When eam8 was crossed into a genetic background with a vernalization requirement Vrn-2 was expressed under all photoperiods”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Early flowering in unvernalized barley was partially repressed in this background.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- eam8e0
- Outcome
- early flowering phenotypee0
- Direction
- partially repressede0
- Qualifier
- unvernalized (UV) plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When eam8 was crossed into a genetic background with a vernalization requirement Vrn-2 was expressed under all photoperiods and the early flowering phenotype was partially repressed in unvernalized (UV) plants”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat Ppd-D1a elevated Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expression.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Ppd-D1a mutatione0
- Gene
- Ppd-1 and TaFT1e0
- Outcome
- Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expressione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppd-D1a mutation. This differs from eam8 in causing elevated levels of Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expression without affecting the circadian clock”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat Ppd-D1a did not affect the circadian clock.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ppd-D1ae0
- Outcome
- circadian clocke0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppd-D1a mutation. This differs from eam8 in causing elevated levels of Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expression without affecting the circadian clock”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days promoted flowering in wild-type Ppd-D1 wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- wild type at Ppd-D1e0
- Treatment
- Short dayse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Short days were effective in promoting flowering in individuals wild type at Ppd-D1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days failed to promote flowering in Ppd-D1a wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ppd-D1a mutatione0
- Treatment
- Short dayse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Short days were effective in promoting flowering in individuals wild type at Ppd-D1, but not in individuals that carry the Ppd-D1a mutation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ppd-D1a wheat expressed Vrn-2 under short days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ppd-D1ae0
- Gene
- Vrn-2e0
- Outcome
- Vrn-2 expression in short dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppd-D1a mutation. This differs from eam8 in causing elevated levels of Ppd-1 and TaFT1 expression without affecting the circadian clock. We used genotypes that differed in "short-day vernalization". Short days were effective in promoting flowering in individuals wild type at Ppd-D1, but not in individuals that carry the Ppd-D1a mutation. The latter showed Vrn-2 expression in short days”
t0“wheat”
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