Abstract
The spike growth phase is critical for the establishment of fertile floret (grain) numbers in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Then, how to shorten the spike growth phase and increase grain number synergistically? Here, we showed high-resolution analyses of floret primordia (FP) number, morphology and spike transcriptomes during the spike growth phase under three light regimens. The development of all FP in a spike could be divided into four distinct stages: differentiation (Stage I), differentiation and morphology development concurrently (Stage II), morphology development (Stage III), and polarization (Stage IV). Compared to the short photoperiod, the long photoperiod shortened spike growth and stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III; however, this reduced assimilate accumulation, resulting in fertile floret loss. Interestingly, long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II, then raised assimilates supply in the spike and promoted anther development before polarization initiation, thereby increasing fertile FP number during Stage III, and finally maintained fertile FP development during Stage IV until they became fertile florets via a predicted dynamic gene network. Our findings proposed a light regimen, critical stages and candidate regulators that achieved a shorter spike growth phase and a higher fertile floret number in wheat.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Floret primordia development in a wheat spike can be divided into four distinct stages.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- development of all FP in a spikee0
- Qualifier
- four distinct stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of all FP in a spike could be divided into four distinct stages: differentiation (Stage I), differentiation and morphology development concurrently (Stage II), morphology development (Stage III), and polarization (Stage IV)”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The long photoperiod shortened spike growth compared with the short photoperiod.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiode1
- Outcome
- spike growthe1
- Direction
- shortenede1
- Comparator
- short photoperiode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the short photoperiod, the long photoperiod shortened spike growth and stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III; however, this reduced assimilate accumulation, resulting in fertile floret loss”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The long photoperiod stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiode1
- Outcome
- early floweringe1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Qualifier
- by shortening Stage IIIe1
- Comparator
- short photoperiode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the short photoperiod, the long photoperiod shortened spike growth and stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III; however, this reduced assimilate accumulation, resulting in fertile floret loss”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The long photoperiod reduced assimilate accumulation in the spike.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiode1
- Outcome
- assimilate accumulatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- short photoperiode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the short photoperiod, the long photoperiod shortened spike growth and stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III; however, this reduced assimilate accumulation, resulting in fertile floret loss”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The long photoperiod resulted in fertile floret loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiode1
- Outcome
- fertile florete1
- Direction
- losse1
- Comparator
- short photoperiode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared to the short photoperiod, the long photoperiod shortened spike growth and stimulated early flowering by shortening Stage III; however, this reduced assimilate accumulation, resulting in fertile floret loss”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiod supplemented with red lighte2
- Outcome
- time required to complete Stages I-IIe2
- Direction
- shortenede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II, then raised assimilates supply in the spike and promoted anther development before polarization initiation, thereby increasing fertile FP number during Stage III”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiod supplemented with red light raised assimilate supply in the spike.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiod supplemented with red lighte2
- Outcome
- assimilates supply in the spikee2
- Direction
- raisede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II, then raised assimilates supply in the spike and promoted anther development before polarization initiation, thereby increasing fertile FP number during Stage III”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiod supplemented with red light promoted anther development before polarization initiation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiod supplemented with red lighte2
- Outcome
- anther developmente2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II, then raised assimilates supply in the spike and promoted anther development before polarization initiation, thereby increasing fertile FP number during Stage III”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Long photoperiod supplemented with red light increased fertile FP number during Stage III.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long photoperiod supplemented with red lighte2
- Outcome
- fertile FP numbere2
- Direction
- increasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“long photoperiod supplemented with red light shortened the time required to complete Stages I-II, then raised assimilates supply in the spike and promoted anther development before polarization initiation, thereby increasing fertile FP number during Stage III”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertile FP development was maintained during Stage IV until the floret primordia became fertile florets.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fertile FP developmente3
- Direction
- maintainede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“finally maintained fertile FP development during Stage IV until they became fertile florets”
t0“in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose a light regimen that gives a shorter spike growth phase and a higher fertile floret number in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Outcome
- a light regimene4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Our findings proposed a light regimen, critical stages and candidate regulators that achieved a shorter spike growth phase and a higher fertile floret number in wheat”
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See all 85 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.