Abstract
Abstract Plant defensive compounds can have sometimes severe deleterious effects on both herbivores and their natural enemies. Iridoid glycosides ( IG s) are defensive compounds that are well established as deterrent to several generalist herbivores and generalist predators. T richoplusia ni H übner ( L epidoptera: N octuidae) is exceptional among generalist herbivores for its ability to tolerate and thrive when feeding upon IG ‐producing plant species; however, it is not known whether the compounds themselves have a harmful effect on T . ni and whether the effects in turn affect its oligophagous endoparasitoid C opidosoma floridanum A shmead ( H ymenoptera: E ncyrtidae). To examine these effects, a semi‐purified extract of the IG ‐containing plant P lantago lanceolata L . ( P lantaginaceae), containing the IG s aucubin and catalpol, was added to artificial diets at 0, 1, 5, or 10% diet dry weight. These diets were fed to both C . floridanum ‐parasitized and unparasitized T . ni . Diets higher in IG s tended to be more toxic to both parasitized and unparasitized larvae: host larvae that did survive were slightly smaller and took longer to develop on higher IG diets and total clutch size and survival of the parasitoid C . floridanum were greatly reduced as the host's dietary intake of IG s increased. Only small amounts of aucubin were detected inside the T . ni hemocoel, suggesting that the negative effect of these compounds on C . floridanum is due to nutritional quality of the host being reduced rather than direct toxic effects of the compounds.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Diets higher in iridoid glycosides tended to be more toxic to parasitized and unparasitized T. ni larvae.
- Taxon
- P lantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- Diets higher in IG se1
- Interactor
- T . nie2herbivore
- Outcome
- toxic to both parasitized and unparasitized larvaee1
- Direction
- more toxice1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Diets higher in IG s tended to be more toxic to both parasitized and unparasitized larvae”
e2“unparasitized T . ni”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Surviving host larvae were slightly smaller on higher IG diets.
- Taxon
- P lantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- higher IG dietse1
- Interactor
- T . nie2herbivore
- Outcome
- slightly smallere1
- Direction
- smallere1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“host larvae that did survive were slightly smaller and took longer to develop on higher IG diets”
e2“unparasitized T . ni”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Surviving host larvae took longer to develop on higher IG diets.
- Taxon
- P lantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- higher IG dietse1
- Interactor
- T . nie2herbivore
- Outcome
- took longer to develope1
- Direction
- longere1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“host larvae that did survive were slightly smaller and took longer to develop on higher IG diets”
e2“unparasitized T . ni”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Total clutch size and survival of the parasitoid C. floridanum were greatly reduced as host dietary IG intake increased.
- Taxon
- P lantago lanceolatae0
- Treatment
- dietary intake of IG se2
- Interactor
- C . floridanume1other
- Outcome
- total clutch size and survival of the parasitoide1
- Direction
- greatly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“total clutch size and survival of the parasitoid C . floridanum were greatly reduced”
e2“dietary intake of IG s increased”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Only small amounts of aucubin were detected inside the T. ni hemocoel.
Verbatim
e1“Only small amounts of aucubin were detected inside the T . ni hemocoel”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the negative effect on C. floridanum is due to reduced nutritional quality of the host rather than direct toxicity.
Verbatim
e1“the negative effect of these compounds on C . floridanum is due to nutritional quality of the host being reduced rather than direct toxic effects of the compounds”
e0“P lantago lanceolata”