Abstract
Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pineus boerneri had an anholocyclic life cycle with four instars lasting 49 to 97 days in Colombia.
- Taxon
- Pineus boerneriPineus boernerie0
- Outcome
- an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instarse0
- Value
- between 49 and 97 de0
- Setting
- Colombiae0
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Adelgid infestations were higher in middle and upper tree parts.
- Organ / stage
- middle and upper part of treese0
- Interactor
- Pineus boerneriPineus boernerit0pest
- Outcome
- Infestationse0
- Direction
- highere0
PinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees”
t0“Pineus boerneri(Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Colombian pine plantations”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinus kesiya had the highest susceptibility in field and greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- Pinus kesiya
Pinus kesiyae0 - Outcome
- levels of susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- field as well as in greenhouse trialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials”
Claim · model-written summary
P. maximinoi had the highest susceptibility in field and greenhouse trials.
- Taxon
- P. maximinoi
Pinus maximinoie0 - Outcome
- levels of susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- field as well as in greenhouse trialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials”
Claim · model-written summary
P. tecunumanii was moderately susceptible among naturally infested trees.
- Taxon
- P. tecunumanii
Pinus tecunumaniie0 - Outcome
- moderately susceptiblee0
- Setting
- naturally infested treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
P. patula had low susceptibility in greenhouse trials but no susceptibility in the field.
- Taxon
- P. patula
Pinus patulae0 - Outcome
- low levels of susceptibilitye0
- Qualifier
- not susceptible in the fielde0
- Setting
- greenhouse triale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
P. oocarpa had low susceptibility in greenhouse trials but no susceptibility in the field.
- Taxon
- P. oocarpa
Pinus oocarpae0 - Outcome
- low levels of susceptibilitye0
- Qualifier
- not susceptible in the fielde0
- Setting
- greenhouse triale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
One Ceraeochrysa individual consumed up to 140 P. boerneri per day.
- Taxon
- Ceraeochrysa species
.jpg?width=60)
Ceraeochrysae0 - Interactor
- P. boerneriPineus boernerie0pest
- Outcome
- predation ratee0
- Value
- up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual”
Claim · model-written summary
Other P. boerneri predators were recorded but were too uncommon for detailed study.
- Taxon
- Other predators of P. boernerie0
- Interactor
- P. boerneriPineus boernerie0pest
- Outcome
- not sufficiently common to warrant detailed studye0
Verbatim
e0“Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study”