Abstract
The need for salt-tolerant turfgrasses in arid and semi-arid regions has increased substantially owing to shortages of fresh water and to soil salinization. We hypothesized that salt tolerance in turfgrasses is achieved by ion regulation and the accumulation of compatible solutes. We investigated changes in ionic concentrations and compatible solutes in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; a salt-sensitive species) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; a moderately salt-tolerant species) in response to elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentrations in shoots and roots increased with increasing salinity in both turfgrasses. Kentucky bluegrass accumulated more Na+ and Cl− under NaCl stress than did Tall fescue. NaCl stress induced more significantly mineral nutrient imbalances in Kentucky bluegrass than in Tall fescue. The concentrations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and nitrate in Tall fescue were much less affected than those in Kentucky bluegrass. The proline concentration increased significantly in both grasses with increasing salinity. The total soluble sugar (TSS) concentration of Tall fescue was significantly higher than that of Kentucky bluegrass under elevated NaCl concentration. Inorganic ions, especially Na+, were more important in osmoregulation for Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue to adapt to NaCl stress. The estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential (Ψs) decreased with increasing salinity, and it was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass. The estimated contribution of TSS to Ψs was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass under NaCl stress. These results indicate that Tall fescue tolerates salt better by inhibiting the accumulation of Na+ and Cl−, which helps to maintain ion balance, and by accumulating sugars, which decrease the osmotic potential of the cytoplasm.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium and chloride concentrations in shoots and roots of both turfgrasses increased with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue
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Poa pratensis
Lolium arundinaceumt0 - Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse1
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye1
- Outcome
- Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentrations in shoots and roots increased with increasing salinity in both turfgrasses”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Kentucky bluegrass accumulated more Na+ and Cl− than Tall fescue under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrassPoa pratensise2
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse2
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cl−e2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- Tall fescuee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Kentucky bluegrass accumulated more Na+ and Cl− under NaCl stress than did Tall fescue”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress caused more significant mineral nutrient imbalances in Kentucky bluegrass than in Tall fescue.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrassPoa pratensise3
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse3
- Outcome
- mineral nutrient imbalancese3
- Direction
- moree3
- Comparator
- Tall fescuee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“NaCl stress induced more significantly mineral nutrient imbalances in Kentucky bluegrass than in Tall fescue”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in Tall fescue were much less affected by NaCl than in Kentucky bluegrass.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume4
- Treatment
- elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentratione5
- Outcome
- concentrations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+)e4
- Direction
- much less affectede4
- Comparator
- Kentucky bluegrasse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The concentrations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and nitrate in Tall fescue were much less affected than those in Kentucky bluegrass”
e5“in response to elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate concentration in Tall fescue was much less affected by NaCl than in Kentucky bluegrass.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume4
- Treatment
- elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentratione5
- Outcome
- nitratee4
- Direction
- much less affectede4
- Comparator
- Kentucky bluegrasse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The concentrations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and nitrate in Tall fescue were much less affected than those in Kentucky bluegrass”
e5“in response to elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline concentration increased significantly in both grasses with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescuePoa pratensisLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye6
- Outcome
- proline concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The proline concentration increased significantly in both grasses with increasing salinity”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble sugar concentration of Tall fescue was significantly higher than that of Kentucky bluegrass under elevated NaCl concentration.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume7
- Treatment
- elevated NaCl concentratione7
- Outcome
- total soluble sugar (TSS) concentratione7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- Kentucky bluegrasse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The total soluble sugar (TSS) concentration of Tall fescue was significantly higher than that of Kentucky bluegrass under elevated NaCl concentration”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic ions, especially Na+, were more important for osmoregulation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescuePoa pratensisLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Compound
- Inorganic ionse0
- Outcome
- osmoregulatione0
- Qualifier
- more importante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inorganic ions, especially Na+, were more important in osmoregulation for Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue to adapt to NaCl stress”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential decreased with increasing salinity.
- Taxon
- Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescuePoa pratensisLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential (Ψs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential (Ψs) decreased with increasing salinity, and it was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Outcome
- estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential (Ψs)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Kentucky bluegrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated contribution of K+ to osmotic potential (Ψs) decreased with increasing salinity, and it was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated contribution of TSS to osmotic potential was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- estimated contribution of TSS to Ψse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Kentucky bluegrasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated contribution of TSS to Ψs was higher in Tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass under NaCl stress”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Tall fescue tolerates salt better by inhibiting Na+ and Cl− accumulation and by accumulating sugars.
- Taxon
- Tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Compound
- sugarse0
- Outcome
- tolerates salt bettere0
- Qualifier
- by inhibiting the accumulation of Na+ and Cl−e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicate that Tall fescue tolerates salt better by inhibiting the accumulation of Na+ and Cl−, which helps to maintain ion balance, and by accumulating sugars, which decrease the osmotic potential of the cytoplasm”
t0“Comparison of ionic concentration, organic solute accumulation and osmotic adaptation in Kentucky bluegrass and Tall fescue under NaCl stress”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: ion balance · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.