Abstract
Summary: Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed with diclofop methyl (1.0 kg a.i. ha −1 ) alone and in combination with 2,4‐D (1.1 kg a.i. ha −1 ), bentazone (1.0 kg a.i. ha −1 ), chlorsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha −1 ) or dicamba (0.3 kg a.i. ha −1 ). Effects of the herbicides on leaf extension rate during the first 8 to 10 days after spraying and subsequent growth (dry weight) after 57–75 days were determined by comparison with unsprayed plants. Diclofop‐methyl applied alone did not cause a decrease in leaf extension rate of A. saliva or A. fatua until at least 4 days after spraying. All broadleaf weed herbicides in combination with diclofop‐methyl caused a decrease in leaf extension rate of both species within 2 days of spraying. Ten days after spraying, leaf extension rates for plants sprayed with a broadleaf weed herbicide plus diclofopmethyl (all combinations) were lower than for unsprayed plants but greater than for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone. With the exception of A. fatua sprayed with bentazone, long‐term growth of plants sprayed with a broadleaf weed herbicide plus diclofop‐methyl (all combinations) was lower than for unsprayed plants but greater than for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone. Bentazone applied with diclofop‐methyl caused a substantial decrease in leaf extension rate of A. fatua within 24 h of spraying but at harvest, dry weight of plants from this treatment was similar to or less than that for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone. Application of diclofop‐methyl with bentazone at a rate of 0.3 kg a.i. ha −1 also caused a reduction in leaf extension rate of A. fatua within one day of spraying. At this rate of bentazone, dry weight of plants at harvest was intermediate to that of unsprayed plants and those sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone. It is proposed that decreased leaf expansion rate during the first few days afte spraying is the cause of broadleaf weed herbicide antagonism of diclofop‐methyl.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop-methyl alone did not decrease leaf extension in either Avena species until at least four days after spraying.
- Taxon
- A. salivae0
- Treatment
- Diclofop‐methyle0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- did not cause a decreasee0
- Qualifier
- until at least 4 days after sprayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Diclofop‐methyl applied alone did not cause a decrease in leaf extension rate of A. saliva or A. fatua until at least 4 days after spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop-methyl alone did not decrease leaf extension of A. fatua until at least four days after spraying.
- Taxon
- A. fatua
Avena fatuae0 - Treatment
- Diclofop‐methyle0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- did not cause a decreasee0
- Qualifier
- until at least 4 days after sprayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diclofop‐methyl applied alone did not cause a decrease in leaf extension rate of A. saliva or A. fatua until at least 4 days after spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
All broadleaf herbicides combined with diclofop-methyl decreased leaf extension of both Avena species within two days.
- Taxon
- Avena salivae1
- Treatment
- broadleaf weed herbicides in combination with diclofop‐methyle0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- within 2 days of sprayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“All broadleaf weed herbicides in combination with diclofop‐methyl caused a decrease in leaf extension rate of both species within 2 days of spraying”
e1“Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined broadleaf herbicides and diclofop-methyl reduced leaf extension of A. fatua within two days.
- Taxon
- A. fatuaAvena fatuae1
- Treatment
- broadleaf weed herbicides in combination with diclofop‐methyle0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- within 2 days of sprayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All broadleaf weed herbicides in combination with diclofop‐methyl caused a decrease in leaf extension rate of both species within 2 days of spraying”
e1“Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
After ten days, all combinations yielded lower leaf extension than unsprayed plants but higher than diclofop-methyl alone.
Verbatim
e0“Ten days after spraying, leaf extension rates for plants sprayed with a broadleaf weed herbicide plus diclofopmethyl (all combinations) were lower than for unsprayed plants but greater than for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone”
e1“Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term growth after combined herbicides was generally below unsprayed plants but above diclofop-methyl alone, except for A. fatua with bentazone.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of A. fatua sprayed with bentazone, long‐term growth of plants sprayed with a broadleaf weed herbicide plus diclofop‐methyl (all combinations) was lower than for unsprayed plants but greater than for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone”
e1“Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentazone with diclofop-methyl substantially reduced A. fatua leaf extension within 24 hours.
- Taxon
- A. fatuaAvena fatuae0
- Treatment
- Bentazone applied with diclofop‐methyle0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- within 24 h of sprayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bentazone applied with diclofop‐methyl caused a substantial decrease in leaf extension rate of A. fatua within 24 h of spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest A. fatua dry weight with bentazone plus diclofop-methyl was similar to or below diclofop-methyl alone.
- Taxon
- A. fatuaAvena fatuae1
- Treatment
- Bentazone applied with diclofop‐methyle1
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- similar to or less thane0
- Comparator
- diclofop‐methyl alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at harvest, dry weight of plants from this treatment was similar to or less than that for plants sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone”
e1“Bentazone applied with diclofop‐methyl caused a substantial decrease in leaf extension rate of A. fatua”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentazone at 0.3 kg a.i. ha −1 with diclofop-methyl reduced A. fatua leaf extension within one day.
- Taxon
- A. fatuaAvena fatuae0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl with bentazone at a rate of 0.3 kg a.i. ha −1e0
- Outcome
- leaf extension ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of diclofop‐methyl with bentazone at a rate of 0.3 kg a.i. ha −1 also caused a reduction in leaf extension rate of A. fatua within one day of spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
At the lower bentazone rate, A. fatua harvest dry weight lay between unsprayed plants and diclofop-methyl alone.
- Taxon
- A. fatuaAvena fatuae1
- Treatment
- bentazonee0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plants and those sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At this rate of bentazone, dry weight of plants at harvest was intermediate to that of unsprayed plants and those sprayed with diclofop‐methyl alone”
e1“reduction in leaf extension rate of A. fatua within one day of spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that early reduced leaf expansion causes broadleaf herbicide antagonism of diclofop-methyl.
Verbatim
e0“It is proposed that decreased leaf expansion rate during the first few days afte spraying is the cause of broadleaf weed herbicide antagonism of diclofop‐methyl”
e1“Avena saliva cv . Amuri and A. fatua were sprayed”