Abstract
The performance of seven introduced shrubs in four genera planted for erosion control on 12 disturbed sites, was observed over a 10— to 20—yr period. The sites differed widely in elevation, steepness, soils, and climatic factors. Three species of Cistus proved satisfactory on most sites for 3 to 5 yr. On several sites they persisted as useful stands for 10 yr or longer, with promise of permanent self—maintenance in at least five cases. Plantings of Atriplex, Rosmarinus, and Baccharis species generally decline and did not reproduce. The length of the effective life of the Cistus stands depended on (1) water availability, in which the chief factor was sufficiency and timing of the winter rains, and (2) the development of tall native shrubs on the sites. Cistus plantings declined and did not reproduce when overtopped by tall chaparral. This failure is ascribed to lack of light. The need of Cistus seedlings for high light intensities was established experimentally. When low—growing native species invaded a site, Cistus grew compatibly with them. Cistus seedlings competed successfully with forbs and weeds but did not survive in thick grass. They spread aggressively over level areas of thin cover. On the hottest, driest inland sites, the original Cistus bushes became woody and senescent in about 12 yr. Management is recommended to reduce the fuel load in case of fire, and to stimulate growth of new bushes. Limits of cold tolerance were established for C. villosus at 1,790 m and for heat/drought tolerance of C. laurifolius at 930 m. The latter thrived at temperatures far lower than those of a mediterranean climate.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three Cistus species were satisfactory on most sites for 3 to 5 years.
CistusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three species of Cistus proved satisfactory on most sites for 3 to 5 yr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus stands persisted for at least 10 years on several sites.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On several sites they persisted as useful stands for 10 yr or longer, with promise of permanent self—maintenance in at least five cases.”
t0“Cistus”
Claim · model-written summary
Atriplex, Rosmarinus, and Baccharis plantings generally declined and did not reproduce.
- Taxon
- Atriplex, Rosmarinus, and Baccharis
AtriplexSalvia subgen. Rosmarinus
Baccharise0 - Outcome
- decline and did not reproducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plantings of Atriplex, Rosmarinus, and Baccharis species generally decline and did not reproduce.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus stand life depended on winter rain sufficiency and timing.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The length of the effective life of the Cistus stands depended on (1) water availability, in which the chief factor was sufficiency and timing of the winter rains”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus declined and failed to reproduce when overtopped by tall chaparral.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cistus plantings declined and did not reproduce when overtopped by tall chaparral.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus seedlings required high light intensities experimentally.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The need of Cistus seedlings for high light intensities was established experimentally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus grew compatibly with invading low growing native species.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When low—growing native species invaded a site, Cistus grew compatibly with them.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus seedlings competed successfully with forbs and weeds.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cistus seedlings competed successfully with forbs and weeds but did not survive in thick grass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus seedlings did not survive in thick grass.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cistus seedlings competed successfully with forbs and weeds but did not survive in thick grass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus spread aggressively over level areas with thin cover.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They spread aggressively over level areas of thin cover.”
t0“Cistus”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus bushes became woody and senescent around 12 years on the hottest dry inland sites.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the hottest, driest inland sites, the original Cistus bushes became woody and senescent in about 12 yr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Management was recommended to reduce fire fuel load and stimulate new Cistus growth.
- Outcome
- reduce the fuel load in case of fire, and to stimulate growth of new bushese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Management is recommended to reduce the fuel load in case of fire, and to stimulate growth of new bushes.”
t0“Cistus”
Claim · model-written summary
The cold tolerance limit of C. villosus was established at 1,790 m.
Verbatim
e0“Limits of cold tolerance were established for C. villosus at 1,790 m”
Claim · model-written summary
The heat and drought tolerance limit of C. laurifolius was established at 930 m.
- Taxon
- C. laurifolius
Cistus laurifoliuse0 - Outcome
- heat/drought tolerancee0
- Value
- 930 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for heat/drought tolerance of C. laurifolius at 930 m.”
Claim · model-written summary
C. laurifolius thrived at temperatures far below those of a Mediterranean climate.
- Taxon
- C. laurifoliusCistus laurifoliuse0
- Outcome
- thrived at temperatures far lower than those of a mediterranean climatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Limits of cold tolerance were established for C. villosus at 1,790 m and for heat/drought tolerance of C. laurifolius at 930 m. The latter thrived at temperatures far lower than those of a mediterranean climate.”
t0“Cistus”