Abstract
AIMS: We evaluated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the plant antioxidant system are involved in the symbiotic interaction between bradyrhizobia and legumes infected by crack entry, without intracellular infection threads (IT) formation, such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut). The role of bradyrhizobial Nod factors (NF) in modulating the plants' oxidative burst was also analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Histochemical and quantitative procedures were used to detect ROS levels in inoculated and in NF-treated peanut roots. Increase in root H2O2 production was determined at 10 min postinoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 or after NF addition. ROS production was modulated by NF. From 15 to 30 min postinoculation, the compatibility of Bradyrhizobium sp.-peanut interaction depends mostly on the H2O2 detoxification via catalase. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that the early events of the symbiotic interaction in legumes invaded by crack entry trigger an increase in ROS production (represented exclusively by a higher H2O2 content) in which NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved. NF modulate this response by enhancing the plant antioxidant machinery, contributing to the creation of adequate conditions for symbiosis development. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our data provide new insights into the mechanism involves in the symbiotic interaction that establish legumes infected by crack entry and suggest that ROS response shows differences compared with legumes invaded by IT formation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 inoculation or Nod factor addition increased root H2O2 production in peanut at 10 min.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 or after NF additione1
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144
Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144e1symbiont - Outcome
- root H2O2 productione1
- Direction
- Increasee1
- Qualifier
- 10 min postinoculatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut)”
e1“Increase in root H2O2 production was determined at 10 min postinoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 or after NF addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Nod factors modulated ROS production in peanut roots.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- NFe1
- Outcome
- ROS productione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut)”
e1“ROS production was modulated by NF”
Claim · model-written summary
From 15 to 30 min after inoculation, compatibility of the Bradyrhizobium-peanut interaction depends mostly on H2O2 detoxification via catalase (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium sp.Bradyrhizobiume1symbiont
- Gene
- catalasee1
- Outcome
- compatibility of Bradyrhizobium sp.-peanut interactione1
- Qualifier
- H2O2 detoxification via catalasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“From 15 to 30 min postinoculation, the compatibility of Bradyrhizobium sp.-peanut interaction depends mostly on the H2O2 detoxification via catalase”
Claim · model-written summary
Early symbiotic events in peanut trigger an increase in ROS production, represented by a higher H2O2 content.
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeae0
- Compound
- H2O2e1
- Outcome
- ROS productione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut)”
e1“the early events of the symbiotic interaction in legumes invaded by crack entry trigger an increase in ROS production (represented exclusively by a higher H2O2 content) in which NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved in the early ROS increase of peanut symbiosis (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeae0
- Gene
- NADPH-oxidasee1
- Outcome
- ROS productione1
- Direction
- not to be involvede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut)”
e1“the early events of the symbiotic interaction in legumes invaded by crack entry trigger an increase in ROS production (represented exclusively by a higher H2O2 content) in which NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved”
Claim · model-written summary
Nod factors enhance the plant antioxidant machinery, modulating the ROS response (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- NFe1
- Outcome
- plant antioxidant machinerye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut)”
e1“NF modulate this response by enhancing the plant antioxidant machinery”
Claim · model-written summary
The ROS response in legumes invaded by crack entry differs from that of legumes invaded by IT formation (hypothesis).
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e1“ROS response shows differences compared with legumes invaded by IT formation”