Abstract
Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] is a more productive oilseed than canola (B. napus L.) in hot regions of Russia, India, China, and Canada with somewhat unreliable rainfalls, whereas canola is the higher yielding species in more temperate, wetter regions. The specific agronomic features of the species, and their performance in various Australian regions are reviewed. The discovery of the genes for low erucic acid oil production in the seeds of Indian mustard began the conversion of this ancient crop to a canola-type oilseed for dry areas. Initially, many accessions were field-tested at Wagga Wagga and Canberra, but 2 seed-borne diseases, leaf and stem blight and seed rot, were destructive. Accessions from South Asia were severely damaged by the blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola Young, Dye & Wilkie 1978, whereas most of the cultivars from latitudes above 45°N were resistant. A phytotron procedure was developed for screening seedlings. The segregation pattern in F2 families from resistant × susceptible crosses suggested that reactions to a typical Pseudomonas isolate were controlled largely by co-dominant resistance (PsmR) and susceptibility (PsmS) alleles at one locus. F3 families with field resistance equal to the PsmR/PsmR parents were readily recovered, indicating that few or no modifying genes affected disease reactions. Resistant families selected from each of 6 crosses yielded 13.8% more seed (P < 0.001) than the corresponding segregating and susceptible families when these were tested at Canberra and Wagga Wagga. The disease became unimportant when most entries in field trials were resistant. A seed-rotting disease caused by a yeast with distinctive ascospores closely resembling those of Nematospora sinecauda Holley, Allan-Wotjas & Phipps-Todd 1984 occurred in some imported and locally grown seed samples, but was eliminated by hot water treatment of seed prior to sowing and by control of the presumed insect vector, Nysius vinitor (Bergroth), during seed maturation in the field. No previous record of the occurrence of this disease in Australia was found in the literature by a plant pathologist. The availability of breeding lines with low erucic acid seed oil, Pseudomonas resistance, and a predominance of propenyl glucosinolate in the meal permitted the development of a cold-pressed, edible oil industry by a family company (Yandilla Mustard Oil Enterprise) at Wallendbeen, NSW. The original oil has a mild nutty flavour, but now a larger proportion of the market requires a pungent, mustard-flavoured oil containing a trace of propenyl isothiocyanate, the hydrolytic product of the corresponding glucosinolate in the meal. The full-flavoured meal is sold for table mustard and pickle manufacture, as a stock feed ingredient containing approximately 30% protein and 18% oil, and for the distillation, by another small company at Cowra, NSW, of propenyl isothiocyanate, which is used as a flavouring and preservative in food, especially in Japan. This review describes the breeding of cultivars for cold-pressed oil production, as an off-shoot of the canola-grade B. juncea project. Five successively improved, Pseudomonas-resistant cultivars were developed by crossing and pedigree selection for higher yield under a range of limiting conditions, and released for cold-pressed, low erucic acid oil production. The rate of yield increase in the cultivars released between 1989 and 2001 was 2.4% per annum as judged from small plot yields of all cultivars in each of 4 years at Wallendbeen. Flowering time adjustment provided a one-off improvement, but continued progress seems possible by field selection for traits such as increased resistance to the Sclerotinia and Alternaria pathogens, resistance to acid soils, waterlogging, frost at flowering, heat and drought during seed maturation, and increased efficiency of nutrient utilisation. The nutraceutical properties of mustard oil, and the chemical differences among current B. juncea seed products, are described. Possible future developments are discussed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Indian mustard is more productive than canola in hot, unreliable-rainfall regions.
- Taxon
- Indian mustard
Brassica junceae0 - Outcome
- more productive oilseede0
- Direction
- more productivee0
- Comparator
- canolae0
- Setting
- hot regions of Russia, India, China, and Canadae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] is a more productive oilseed than canola (B. napus L.) in hot regions of Russia, India, China, and Canada with somewhat unreliable rainfalls”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola yields more in temperate, wetter regions.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse0 - Outcome
- higher yielding speciese0
- Direction
- higher yieldinge0
- Setting
- more temperate, wetter regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“canola is the higher yielding species in more temperate, wetter regions”
Claim · model-written summary
South Asian mustard accessions were severely damaged by Pseudomonas blight.
- Material
- Accessions from South Asiae0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolaPseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- severely damaged by the blighte0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Accessions from South Asia were severely damaged by the blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola Young, Dye & Wilkie 1978”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Most mustard cultivars from above 45°N resisted the blight.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“most of the cultivars from latitudes above 45°N were resistant”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
A phytotron seedling screening procedure was developed.
- Outcome
- screening seedlingse0
Not reportedTaxonComparatorValue
Verbatim
e0“A phytotron procedure was developed for screening seedlings”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Responses to a Pseudomonas isolate were largely controlled by co-dominant PsmR and PsmS alleles at one locus.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0pathogen - Gene
- PsmRe0
- Outcome
- reactions to a typical Pseudomonas isolatee0
- Qualifier
- PsmSe0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reactions to a typical Pseudomonas isolate were controlled largely by co-dominant resistance (PsmR) and susceptibility (PsmS) alleles at one locus”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Field-resistant F3 families matched PsmR/PsmR parents, with few or no modifying genes inferred.
- Material
- F3 familiese0
- Outcome
- field resistancee0
- Direction
- equal toe0
- Qualifier
- few or no modifying genese0
- Comparator
- PsmR/PsmR parentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“F3 families with field resistance equal to the PsmR/PsmR parents were readily recovered, indicating that few or no modifying genes affected disease reactions”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant families yielded 13.8% more seed than segregating and susceptible families.
- Material
- Resistant familiese0
- Outcome
- seede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 13.8%e0
- Comparator
- corresponding segregating and susceptible familiese0
- Setting
- Canberra and Wagga Waggae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Resistant families selected from each of 6 crosses yielded 13.8% more seed (P < 0.001) than the corresponding segregating and susceptible families when these were tested at Canberra and Wagga Wagga”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rot occurred in imported and local mustard seed samples and was attributed to a yeast resembling Nematospora sinecauda.
- Interactor
- a yeaste0pathogen
- Outcome
- seed-rotting diseasee0
- Qualifier
- some imported and locally grown seed samplese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“A seed-rotting disease caused by a yeast with distinctive ascospores closely resembling those of Nematospora sinecauda Holley, Allan-Wotjas & Phipps-Todd 1984 occurred in some imported and locally grown seed samples”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water seed treatment eliminated the seed-rotting disease.
- Treatment
- hot water treatment of seed prior to sowinge0
- Outcome
- seed-rotting diseasee1
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“was eliminated by hot water treatment of seed prior to sowing and by control of the presumed insect vector, Nysius vinitor (Bergroth), during seed maturation in the field”
e1“A seed-rotting disease caused by a yeast with distinctive ascospores closely resembling those of Nematospora sinecauda Holley, Allan-Wotjas & Phipps-Todd 1984 occurred in some imported and locally grown seed samples”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Control of presumed Nysius vinitor vectors eliminated seed rot.
- Treatment
- control of the presumed insect vectore0
- Interactor
- Nysius vinitorNysius vinitore0pest
- Outcome
- seed-rotting diseasee1
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“was eliminated by hot water treatment of seed prior to sowing and by control of the presumed insect vector, Nysius vinitor (Bergroth), during seed maturation in the field”
e1“A seed-rotting disease caused by a yeast with distinctive ascospores closely resembling those of Nematospora sinecauda Holley, Allan-Wotjas & Phipps-Todd 1984 occurred in some imported and locally grown seed samples”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Five improved Pseudomonas-resistant cultivars were released for cold-pressed low-erucic oil.
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0pathogen
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas-resistant cultivarse0
- Value
- Fivee0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five successively improved, Pseudomonas-resistant cultivars were developed by crossing and pedigree selection for higher yield under a range of limiting conditions, and released for cold-pressed, low erucic acid oil production”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of released cultivars increased 2.4% per annum between 1989 and 2001.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The rate of yield increase in the cultivars released between 1989 and 2001 was 2.4% per annum as judged from small plot yields of all cultivars in each of 4 years at Wallendbeen”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-time adjustment provided a one-off improvement.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Flowering time adjustment provided a one-off improvement”
t0“Indian mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest field selection for pathogen, soil and climate tolerance and nutrient-use efficiency to sustain progress.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“continued progress seems possible by field selection for traits such as increased resistance to the Sclerotinia and Alternaria pathogens, resistance to acid soils, waterlogging, frost at flowering, heat and drought during seed maturation, and increased efficiency of nutrient utilisation”
t0“Indian mustard”