Abstract
The influence of three inoculum densities of Glomus caledonius and G. epigaeus and two temperature/light intensity conditions was investigated on Trifolium repens. The significance of inoculation was compared to the significance of naturally occurring vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and to application of soluble phosphate fertilizer. Increasing density of inoculum and the highest temperature/light intensity condition tested increased VAM infection, whereas only small differences were found between efficiency of the two introduced VAM fungi. The presence of naturally occurring VAM fungi proved as efficient in establishing infection as the most successful inoculations. Some interactions among the investigated parameters were found for several recordings. The increase in VAM infection was followed by an increase in number of nodules; in uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, and copper; and in growth of roots and shoots. The calculated inflow of phosphate, zinc, and copper into roots was not associated with inoculum density, VAM species or temperature/light conditions. Compared to an uninoculated control without application of phosphate, inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively. It was also found that VAM increased weight per nodule 52% when roots with no or sparse VAM infection were compared to roots with low to maximal VAM infection and 98% when roots with low VAM infection were excluded. Application of phosphate fertilizer enhanced nodulation and growth of non–mycorrhizal plants to a level similar to that of the most heavily VAM infected plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing inoculum density increased VAM infection.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens
Trifolium repenst0 - Treatment
- Increasing density of inoculume0
- Outcome
- VAM infectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing density of inoculum and the highest temperature/light intensity condition tested increased VAM infection”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest temperature/light condition increased VAM infection.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- highest temperature/light intensity condition testede0
- Outcome
- VAM infectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest temperature/light intensity condition tested increased VAM infection”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
The introduced VAM fungi differed little in efficiency.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- efficiency of the two introduced VAM fungie0
- Direction
- small differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only small differences were found between efficiency of the two introduced VAM fungi”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
Naturally occurring VAM fungi established infection as efficiently as the most successful inoculations.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Outcome
- establishing infectione0
- Comparator
- most successful inoculationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naturally occurring VAM fungi proved as efficient in establishing infection as the most successful inoculations”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased VAM infection accompanied increased nodules, nutrient uptake, and root and shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in VAM infection was followed by an increase in number of nodules; in uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, and copper; and in growth of roots and shoots”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
Calculated nutrient inflow into roots was not associated with inoculum density, VAM species, or temperature/light.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculum densitye0
- Outcome
- calculated inflow of phosphate, zinc, and copper into rootse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The calculated inflow of phosphate, zinc, and copper into roots was not associated with inoculum density, VAM species or temperature/light conditions”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
At low temperature/light, G. caledonius increased shoot dry weight 52 fold.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- inoculation with the highest spore densitye0
- Interactor
- G. caledoniuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight of shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52 folde0
- Qualifier
- low and high temperature/light conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
At high temperature/light, G. caledonius increased shoot dry weight 7 fold.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius”
t0“Trifolium repens”
e1“inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At low temperature/light, G. epigaeus increased shoot dry weight 121 fold.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0e1
- Interactor
- G. epigaeusDiversispora epigaeae0e1symbiont
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
t0“Trifolium repens”
e1“inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At high temperature/light, G. epigaeus increased shoot dry weight 9 fold.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0e1
- Interactor
- G. epigaeusDiversispora epigaeae0e1symbiont
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
t0“Trifolium repens”
e1“inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM increased weight per nodule by 52% relative to roots with no or sparse infection.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- VAMe0
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- weight per nodulee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- roots with no or sparse VAM infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VAM increased weight per nodule 52% when roots with no or sparse VAM infection were compared to roots with low to maximal VAM infection”
t0“Trifolium repens”
Claim · model-written summary
VAM increased weight per nodule by 98% when roots with low infection were excluded.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“98% when roots with low VAM infection were excluded”
t0“Trifolium repens”
e1“VAM increased weight per nodule 52% when roots with no or sparse VAM infection were compared to roots with low to maximal VAM infection and 98% when roots with low VAM infection were excluded”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate fertilizer enhanced nodulation and growth of non-mycorrhizal plants to the level of heavily infected plants.
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- phosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- nodulation and growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- most heavily VAM infected plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of phosphate fertilizer enhanced nodulation and growth of non–mycorrhizal plants to a level similar to that of the most heavily VAM infected plants”
t0“Trifolium repens”
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