Abstract
The effects of exposure to SO2 (55 η m−3) on the growth and sulphur nutrition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. S23 were examined using a system of specially constructed growth chambers. The plants were grown in soil with two rates of added nitrogen, either with or without added sulphate. They were harvested twice during the exposure period of 85 d. The high rate of added nitrogen gave a four-fold increase in the yield of plants given added sulphate but resulted in sulphur deficiency, with reduced yield and number of tillers, when no sulphate was given. Exposure to SO2 alleviated the effects of deficiency but was without effect on the yield of plants given sulphate. With the low rate of added nitrogen, the yield of plants and the number of tillers were unaffected by the addition of sulphate to the soil or of SO2 to the air. The only indication of possible injury through exposure of these plants to SO2 was a small increase in the proportion of dead leaves at the second harvest. Analysis of the leaves for total S and sulphate-S gave values consistent with sulphur deficiency and its alleviation through exposure to SO2; the contents of 0·045% S and 42 parts 10−6 sulphate-S in deficient plants were raised to 0·102% and 153 parts 10−6 respectively. The organic-S content of the leaves was always increased through exposure to SO2. There was no evidence that exposure to SO2 increased the ‘transpiration coefficient’ for plants having an adequate supply of sulphur from the soil.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased yield fourfold when sulphate was added.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennet0 - Treatment
- high rate of added nitrogene0
- Outcome
- yield of plantse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- four-folde0
- Qualifier
- added sulphatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high rate of added nitrogen gave a four-fold increase in the yield of plants given added sulphate”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen without sulphate caused sulphur deficiency.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- no sulphatee0
- Outcome
- sulphur deficiencye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but resulted in sulphur deficiency, with reduced yield and number of tillers, when no sulphate was given”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen without sulphate reduced yield and tiller number.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- no sulphatee0
- Outcome
- yield and number of tillerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but resulted in sulphur deficiency, with reduced yield and number of tillers, when no sulphate was given”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 exposure alleviated effects of sulphur deficiency.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e0
- Outcome
- effects of deficiencye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to SO2 alleviated the effects of deficiency”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 exposure did not affect yield when sulphate was supplied.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e1
- Outcome
- yield of plantse0
- Direction
- without effecte0
- Qualifier
- given sulphatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was without effect on the yield of plants given sulphate”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“Exposure to SO2 alleviated the effects of deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
At low nitrogen, added sulphate did not affect yield or tiller number.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- addition of sulphate to the soile0
- Outcome
- yield of plants and the number of tillerse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- low rate of added nitrogene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the low rate of added nitrogen, the yield of plants and the number of tillers were unaffected by the addition of sulphate to the soil or of SO2 to the air”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At low nitrogen, SO2 exposure did not affect yield or tiller number.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2 to the aire0
- Outcome
- yield of plants and the number of tillerse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- low rate of added nitrogene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the low rate of added nitrogen, the yield of plants and the number of tillers were unaffected by the addition of sulphate to the soil or of SO2 to the air”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 exposure was associated with a small increase in dead leaf proportion at second harvest.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e0
- Outcome
- proportion of dead leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- second harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The only indication of possible injury through exposure of these plants to SO2 was a small increase in the proportion of dead leaves at the second harvest”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 raised leaf total sulphur from 0·045% to 0·102% in deficient plants.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e1
- Outcome
- Se0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 0·102%e0
- Qualifier
- 0·045% Se0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contents of 0·045% S and 42 parts 10−6 sulphate-S in deficient plants were raised to 0·102% and 153 parts 10−6 respectively”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“Exposure to SO2 alleviated the effects of deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 raised leaf sulphate sulphur from 42 to 153 parts 10−6 in deficient plants.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e1
- Outcome
- sulphate-Se0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 153 parts 10−6e0
- Qualifier
- 42 parts 10−6 sulphate-Se0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contents of 0·045% S and 42 parts 10−6 sulphate-S in deficient plants were raised to 0·102% and 153 parts 10−6 respectively”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“Exposure to SO2 alleviated the effects of deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 exposure always increased organic sulphur content of leaves.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e0
- Outcome
- organic-S content of the leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The organic-S content of the leaves was always increased through exposure to SO2”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SO2 exposure showed no evidence of an increased transpiration coefficient in plants with adequate soil sulphur.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- SO2e0
- Outcome
- transpiration coefficiente0
- Direction
- no evidencee0
- Qualifier
- adequate supply of sulphur from the soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no evidence that exposure to SO2 increased the ‘transpiration coefficient’ for plants having an adequate supply of sulphur from the soil”
t0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
The same questions in other papers
sulfate · nutrient: content · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
nitrogen · yield · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results differ
43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
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See all 59 papers →pollution · molecular: metabolites · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
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pollution · physiology: gas exchange · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
pollution · yield · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.