Abstract
1. Rates of carbon fixation by leaves of squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomato plants were not affected either by a rapid decrease in the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere or by a prolonged exposure of 15-20 hours to low humidity. 2. Attached leaves of squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomato plants remained turgid at moderate temperatures although subjected to an extremely low humidity. The leaves of Cineraria plants in some few cases wilted when subjected to dry air, and the loss of turgidity was always accompanied by a decrease in the rate of carbon fixation. 3. Air temperatures above 30⚬C. retarded the rate of carbon fixation by Pelargonium leaves in either moist or dry air. 4. Atmospheric moisture affected the opening of the stomata of tomato and Pelargonium leaves. Under the conditions used, the maximum size of stomatal opening generally occurred when the leaves were exposed to relative humidities above 60 per cent. The size of the openings decreased with a decrease in atmospheric humidity and the stomata generally appeared closed in leaves exposed to humidities below 30 per cent. 5. The process of carbon fixation was not greatly affected by wide variations in the size of stomatal openings. The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed. That these plants absorb carbon dioxide when the stomata appear closed has been demonstrated by means of three methods: (1) the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by leaves in which the stomata appeared closed was approximately equal to the amount absorbed by the same leaves when the stomata were open; (2) starch was found by means of the usual iodine test to accumulate in leaves exposed to relatively dry air with their stomata apparently closed; (3) acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrates in leaves of Pelargonium plants grown in relatively dry air increased approximately 41 per cent during a period of six hours, although the stomata of the leaves appeared to be closed.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid decrease in air humidity did not affect carbon fixation rates of six species of plants.
- Taxon
- squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomatoe0
- Treatment
- a rapid decrease in the humidity of the surrounding atmospheree0
- Outcome
- Rates of carbon fixatione0
- Direction
- were not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Rates of carbon fixation by leaves of squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomato plants were not affected either by a rapid decrease in the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere or by a prolonged exposure of 15-20 hours to low humidity”
Claim · model-written summary
A prolonged 15-20 hour exposure to low humidity did not affect carbon fixation rates of six species of plants.
- Taxon
- squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomatoe0
- Treatment
- a prolonged exposure of 15-20 hours to low humiditye0
- Outcome
- Rates of carbon fixatione0
- Direction
- were not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Rates of carbon fixation by leaves of squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomato plants were not affected either by a rapid decrease in the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere or by a prolonged exposure of 15-20 hours to low humidity”
Claim · model-written summary
Attached leaves of six plant species remained turgid at moderate temperatures under extremely low humidity.
Verbatim
e0“Attached leaves of squash, wax bean, cabbage, Pelargonium, Primula, and tomato plants remained turgid at moderate temperatures although subjected to an extremely low humidity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cineraria leaves in some cases wilted when subjected to dry air.
- Taxon
- Cineraria
Pericallis hybridae0 - Treatment
- dry aire0
- Outcome
- wiltede0
- Qualifier
- in some few casese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of Cineraria plants in some few cases wilted when subjected to dry air, and the loss of turgidity was always accompanied by a decrease in the rate of carbon fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of turgidity in Cineraria leaves was always accompanied by a decrease in the rate of carbon fixation.
- Taxon
- CinerariaPericallis hybridae0
- Treatment
- loss of turgiditye0
- Outcome
- rate of carbon fixatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- always accompaniede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of Cineraria plants in some few cases wilted when subjected to dry air, and the loss of turgidity was always accompanied by a decrease in the rate of carbon fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Air temperatures above 30 °C retarded carbon fixation rate of Pelargonium leaves in moist or dry air.
- Taxon
- Pelargonium
.jpg?width=60)
Pelargoniume0 - Treatment
- Air temperatures above 30e0
- Outcome
- rate of carbon fixatione0
- Direction
- retardede0
- Qualifier
- in either moist or dry aire0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Air temperatures above 30⚬C. retarded the rate of carbon fixation by Pelargonium leaves in either moist or dry air”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum stomatal opening in tomato and Pelargonium leaves occurred at relative humidities above 60 per cent.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargonium
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- relative humidities above 60 per cente0
- Outcome
- size of stomatal openinge0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atmospheric moisture affected the opening of the stomata of tomato and Pelargonium leaves. Under the conditions used, the maximum size of stomatal opening generally occurred when the leaves were exposed to relative humidities above 60 per cent”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing atmospheric humidity was associated with smaller stomatal openings in tomato and Pelargonium leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- a decrease in atmospheric humiditye1
- Outcome
- size of the openingse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atmospheric moisture affected the opening of the stomata of tomato and Pelargonium leaves. Under the conditions used, the maximum size of stomatal opening generally occurred when the leaves were exposed to relative humidities above 60 per cent”
e1“The size of the openings decreased with a decrease in atmospheric humidity and the stomata generally appeared closed in leaves exposed to humidities below 30 per cent”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomata of tomato and Pelargonium leaves generally appeared closed at humidities below 30 per cent.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- humidities below 30 per cente1
- Outcome
- the stomata generally appeared closede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atmospheric moisture affected the opening of the stomata of tomato and Pelargonium leaves. Under the conditions used, the maximum size of stomatal opening generally occurred when the leaves were exposed to relative humidities above 60 per cent”
e1“The size of the openings decreased with a decrease in atmospheric humidity and the stomata generally appeared closed in leaves exposed to humidities below 30 per cent”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide variations in stomatal opening size did not greatly affect carbon fixation in tomato and Pelargonium.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- wide variations in the size of stomatal openingse1
- Outcome
- carbon fixatione1
- Direction
- not greatly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed”
e1“The process of carbon fixation was not greatly affected by wide variations in the size of stomatal openings”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of tomato and Pelargonium absorbed carbon dioxide although the stomata appeared to be closed.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- absorbed carbon dioxidee0
- Qualifier
- although the stomata appeared to be closede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of tomato and Pelargonium accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- accumulated carbohydratese0
- Qualifier
- in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon dioxide absorption by leaves with closed stomata was approximately equal to absorption by the same leaves with open stomata.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- in which the stomata appeared closede1
- Outcome
- amount of carbon dioxide absorbede1
- Direction
- approximately equale1
- Comparator
- when the stomata were opene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed”
e1“the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by leaves in which the stomata appeared closed was approximately equal to the amount absorbed by the same leaves when the stomata were open”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch accumulated in leaves exposed to relatively dry air with apparently closed stomata.
- Taxon
- tomato and PelargoniumPelargoniumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- relatively dry aire1
- Outcome
- starche1
- Qualifier
- with their stomata apparently closede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of tomato and Pelargonium plants absorbed carbon dioxide and accumulated carbohydrates in appreciable quantities although the stomata appeared to be closed”
e1“starch was found by means of the usual iodine test to accumulate in leaves exposed to relatively dry air with their stomata apparently closed”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrates in Pelargonium leaves grown in relatively dry air increased by approximately 41 per cent in six hours.
- Taxon
- PelargoniumPelargoniume0
- Treatment
- grown in relatively dry aire0
- Outcome
- acid-hydrolyzable carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 41 per cente0
- Qualifier
- during a period of six hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrates in leaves of Pelargonium plants grown in relatively dry air increased approximately 41 per cent during a period of six hours, although the stomata of the leaves appeared to be closed”