Abstract
This study was carried out to appraise whether or not the exogenous application of a potential osmoprotectant, proline, could ameliorate the adverse effects of drought stress on maize seed and seed oil composition, as well as oil antioxidant activity. Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars but it increased the contents of seed fiber and ash. Water stress increased the oil oleic acid content with a subsequent decrease in the amount of linoleic acid, resulting in an increased oil oleic/linoleic ratio for both maize cultivars. However, no variation was observed in oil stearic and palmitic acids content due to water stress. A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids were observed in both maize cultivars. However, oil phenolic and carotenoid content as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity decreased. Foliar-applied proline significantly increased the content of seed sugar, oil, protein, moisture, fiber and ash in both maize cultivars under well irrigated and water deficit conditions. Furthermore, exogenous application of proline increased the oil oleic and linoleic acid contents. The concentrations of antioxidant compounds namely phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids and tocopherols estimated in the seed oil increased due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions that was positively correlated with the enhanced oil DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Moreover, the increase in the contents of these antioxidant compounds and oil antioxidant activity due to the foliar application of proline was noted to be more pronounced under water deficit conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced kernel sugar, oil, and protein content.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced most measured seed elements.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased seed fiber and ash.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the contents of seed fiber and ash”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased oil oleic acid content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress increased the oil oleic acid content”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased oil linoleic acid content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a subsequent decrease in the amount of linoleic acid”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased the oil oleic/linoleic ratio.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in an increased oil oleic/linoleic ratio for both maize cultivars”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Oil stearic and palmitic acid content did not vary with water stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no variation was observed in oil stearic and palmitic acids content due to water stress”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased seed oil tocopherols and flavonoids.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased oil phenolics and carotenoids and DPPH scavenging activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oil phenolic and carotenoid content as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity decreased”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline increased seed sugar, oil and protein.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied proline significantly increased the content of seed sugar, oil, protein, moisture, fiber and ash”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline increased seed moisture, fiber and ash.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied proline significantly increased the content of seed sugar, oil, protein, moisture, fiber and ash”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased oil oleic and linoleic acid contents.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of proline increased the oil oleic and linoleic acid contents”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline increased seed oil phenolics, carotenoids and flavonoids under water deficit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids and tocopherols estimated in the seed oil increased due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline increased seed oil tocopherols under water deficit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tocopherols estimated in the seed oil increased due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased seed oil antioxidant compounds were positively correlated with DPPH activity.
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positively correlated with the enhanced oil DPPH free radical scavenging activity”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline-induced increases in antioxidant compounds and oil activity were more pronounced under water deficit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in the contents of these antioxidant compounds and oil antioxidant activity due to the foliar application of proline was noted to be more pronounced under water deficit conditions”
t0“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars”
e2“A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids”
e3“due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions”
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See all 62 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.