Abstract
Given their essential role as vitamin E, tocopherols and tocotrienols have been studied extensively in animals and plants. In contrast, our understanding of the function of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8), a third type of tocochromanol with a longer side chain, is very limited despite the wide distribution of PC-8 in the plant kingdom, including species consumed by humans. To investigate PC-8 function in vivo, we combined the Arabidopsis vte1 mutation that eliminates tocopherols and PC-8 and causes the accumulation of 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol (DMPBQ), a redox-active tocopherol precursor, and the vte2 mutation that eliminates tocopherols without affecting PC-8. The vte2 vte1 double mutant lacks tocopherols, PC-8, and DMPBQ, and exhibits the most severe physiological and biochemical phenotypes of any tocochromanol-affected genotype isolated to date, most notably a severe seedling developmental phenotype associated with massive lipid oxidation initiated during seed desiccation and amplified during seed quiescence. In contrast, the presence of PC-8 in vte2 suppresses or attenuates all of the developmental and biochemical phenotypes observed in vte2 vte1, demonstrating that PC-8 is a lipid antioxidant in vivo. Finally, the low relative fitness of vte2 vte1 demonstrates that tocopherols and PC-8 are in vivo lipid antioxidants essential for seed plant survival.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The vte2 vte1 double mutant lacked tocopherols, PC-8 and DMPBQ.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Material
- vte2 vte1 double mutante0
- Outcome
- lacks tocopherols, PC-8, and DMPBQe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“The vte2 vte1 double mutant lacks tocopherols, PC-8, and DMPBQ”
Claim · model-written summary
The double mutant had the most severe physiological and biochemical phenotypes among affected genotypes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- vte2 vte1 double mutante0
- Outcome
- physiological and biochemical phenotypese0
- Direction
- most severee0
- Comparator
- any tocochromanol-affected genotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“The vte2 vte1 double mutant lacks tocopherols, PC-8, and DMPBQ, and exhibits the most severe physiological and biochemical phenotypes of any tocochromanol-affected genotype isolated to date”
Claim · model-written summary
The double mutant had severe seedling development defects linked to lipid oxidation during seed drying and quiescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- seedlinge0
- Organ / stage
- seed desiccatione0
- Compound
- lipid oxidatione0
- Outcome
- seedling developmental phenotypee0
- Direction
- severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“a severe seedling developmental phenotype associated with massive lipid oxidation initiated during seed desiccation and amplified during seed quiescence”
Claim · model-written summary
PC-8 in vte2 suppressed or attenuated the developmental and biochemical phenotypes seen in the double mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- vte2e0
- Compound
- PC-8e0
- Outcome
- developmental and biochemical phenotypese0
- Direction
- suppresses or attenuatese0
- Comparator
- vte2 vte1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“the presence of PC-8 in vte2 suppresses or attenuates all of the developmental and biochemical phenotypes observed in vte2 vte1”
Claim · model-written summary
The double mutant had low relative fitness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- vte2 vte1e0
- Outcome
- relative fitnesse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“the low relative fitness of vte2 vte1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that tocopherols and PC-8 protect seed survival as in vivo lipid antioxidants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Compound
- tocopherols and PC-8e0
- Outcome
- seed plant survivale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“tocopherols and PC-8 are in vivo lipid antioxidants essential for seed plant survival”