Abstract
The present study determined the effects of copper and chromium metals on the endogenous titers of polyamines, auxins, abscisic acid and antioxidative enzyme activities in Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings. Among polyamines, putrescine and spermidine contents were enhanced by Cu2+ metal to 62.44 and 402.8 µg g-1 f.w. respectively over control. Spermine which was not observed in control was recorded in highest concentration (1287.9 µg g-1 f.w.) in Cu2+ metal stressed seedlings. On the other hand Cr6+ metal treated seedlings showed reduced contents of putrescine (1.43 µg g-1 f.w.), cadaverine (0.09 µg g-1 f.w.), spermidine (277.99 µg g-1 f.w.) and spermine (2.29 µg g-1 f.w.) when compared to control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlings. Significant decline in free and bound IAA concentration were found under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress when compared to control. Naphthalene acetic acid not recorded in control seedlings was detected in seedlings treated with Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal. Activities of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase were reduced significantly under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress in comparison to control. Superoxide dismutase activity enhanced significantly under Cr6+ rather than Cu2+ metal treatment. In addition the phytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal on seedling growth was also determined. The data suggest that Cr6+ is more phytotoxic than exposure to Cu2+ metal.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cu2+ enhanced putrescine content to 62.44 over control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki
Raphanus sativuse1 - Treatment
- Cu2+ metale0
- Outcome
- putrescinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 62.44e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among polyamines, putrescine and spermidine contents were enhanced by Cu2+ metal to 62.44 and 402.8 µg g-1 f.w. respectively over control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu2+ enhanced spermidine content to 402.8 µg g-1 f.w. over control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cu2+ metale0
- Outcome
- spermidinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 402.8 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among polyamines, putrescine and spermidine contents were enhanced by Cu2+ metal to 62.44 and 402.8 µg g-1 f.w. respectively over control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine absent from controls reached 1287.9 µg g-1 f.w. in Cu2+ stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cu2+ metale0
- Outcome
- Sperminee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1287.9 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine which was not observed in control was recorded in highest concentration (1287.9 µg g-1 f.w.) in Cu2+ metal stressed seedlings.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ reduced putrescine content to 1.43 µg g-1 f.w. versus control and Cu2+ treatment.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metale0
- Outcome
- putrescinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.43 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand Cr6+ metal treated seedlings showed reduced contents of putrescine (1.43 µg g-1 f.w.), cadaverine (0.09 µg g-1 f.w.), spermidine (277.99 µg g-1 f.w.) and spermine (2.29 µg g-1 f.w.) when compared to control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlings.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ reduced cadaverine content to 0.09 µg g-1 f.w. versus control and Cu2+ treatment.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metale0
- Outcome
- cadaverinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.09 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand Cr6+ metal treated seedlings showed reduced contents of putrescine (1.43 µg g-1 f.w.), cadaverine (0.09 µg g-1 f.w.), spermidine (277.99 µg g-1 f.w.) and spermine (2.29 µg g-1 f.w.) when compared to control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlings.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ reduced spermidine content to 277.99 µg g-1 f.w. versus control and Cu2+ treatment.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metale0
- Outcome
- spermidinee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 277.99 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand Cr6+ metal treated seedlings showed reduced contents of putrescine (1.43 µg g-1 f.w.), cadaverine (0.09 µg g-1 f.w.), spermidine (277.99 µg g-1 f.w.) and spermine (2.29 µg g-1 f.w.) when compared to control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlings.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ reduced spermine content to 2.29 µg g-1 f.w. versus control and Cu2+ treatment.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metale0
- Outcome
- sperminee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.29 µg g-1 f.w.e0
- Comparator
- control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand Cr6+ metal treated seedlings showed reduced contents of putrescine (1.43 µg g-1 f.w.), cadaverine (0.09 µg g-1 f.w.), spermidine (277.99 µg g-1 f.w.) and spermine (2.29 µg g-1 f.w.) when compared to control and Cu2+ metal treated seedlings.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu2+ caused significant decline in free and bound IAA versus control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cu2+e0
- Outcome
- free and bound IAA concentratione0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decline in free and bound IAA concentration were found under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress when compared to control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ caused significant decline in free and bound IAA versus control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metal stresse0
- Outcome
- free and bound IAA concentratione0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decline in free and bound IAA concentration were found under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress when compared to control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Naphthalene acetic acid was detected under Cu2+ but not in controls.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cu2+e0
- Outcome
- Naphthalene acetic acide0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Naphthalene acetic acid not recorded in control seedlings was detected in seedlings treated with Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Naphthalene acetic acid was detected under Cr6+ but not in controls.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+e0
- Outcome
- Naphthalene acetic acide0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Naphthalene acetic acid not recorded in control seedlings was detected in seedlings treated with Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu2+ significantly reduced guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activities versus control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cu2+e0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidase and catalasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase were reduced significantly under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress in comparison to control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ significantly reduced guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activities versus control.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+ metal stresse0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidase and catalasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase were reduced significantly under Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal stress in comparison to control.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ enhanced superoxide dismutase activity significantly relative to Cu2+.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Cr6+e0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- Cu2+ metal treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase activity enhanced significantly under Cr6+ rather than Cu2+ metal treatment.”
e1“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr6+ was more phytotoxic to seedling growth than Cu2+.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetkiRaphanus sativuse2
- Treatment
- Cr6+e0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe1
- Direction
- more phytotoxice0
- Comparator
- Cu2+ metale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The data suggest that Cr6+ is more phytotoxic than exposure to Cu2+ metal.”
e1“the phytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Cr6+ metal on seedling growth”
e2“Raphanus sativus L. cv. Pusa chetki seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
heavy metal · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.