Abstract
Abstract Information is needed on the ameliorative role of Zn in relation to gypsum and K on plant growth under alkali soil conditions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days. Treatment combinations of three levels of Zn (0, 5, 10 ppm), and three levels of K (0, 50, 250 ppm) were superimposed on a normal, an alkali, and a gypsum‐treated alkali soil. Shoot dry matter yield in alkali soil was only 35% of the normal soil. The application of 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil resulted in the recovery of yield to 91, 75, and 70% of that obtained in the normal soil. The highest yield was recorded with the application of 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil, which was 14 and 59% more than normal, and Zn‐treated alkali soils, respectively. The magnitude of Zn and K response in alkali soil was less after gypsum treatment. Responses to the above nutrients were also negligible in the normal soil. Zinc concentration decreased under alkali soil conditions. Gypsum and K enhanced Zn utilization by the plans. Shoot Na was highest in the alkali, and lowest in the normal soil. Zinc decreased Na. The highest decrease was in the alkali soil. An application of 250 ppm K also decreased Na. The effectiveness of Zn, K, and gypsum treatments in decreasing Na concentration was diminished when any of the above two treatments were applied together. The highest shoot K was in the normal soil, and was similar in the alkali and gypsum‐treated soils. The highest increase in shoot K with K was in the alkali and gypsum‐treated alkali soils. Zinc decreased shoot K in the alkali soil. Shoot Ca decreased with Zn or K in the normal soil, but increased in the alkali, and at their low levels in the gypsum‐treated soil. Interrelationships between Na, Zn/K, and Ca, showed decreased effectiveness when applied together, on Ca concentration. Accumulation of shoot Mg was more in the alkali than in other soils when K or Zn were not applied. The antagonism between K and Mg was evident. Antagonism between K and Ca in relation to Mg concentration was also noted. The yield increase in alkali soil with Zn was associated with the enhanced uptake of Zn and Ca, decreased concentration of Na, and widening of Ca/Na and K/Na ratios. The increase in yield with K, and gypsum treatments was also greatly associated with the enhanced uptake of Ca and other plant nutrients.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry matter yield in alkali soil was only 35% of that in normal soil.
- Outcome
- Shoot dry matter yielde1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Comparator
- normal soile1
- Setting
- alkali soile1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Shoot dry matter yield in alkali soil was only 35% of the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K and gypsum application to alkali soil recovered yield to 91% of normal soil.
- Treatment
- 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsume2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- recoverye2
- Value
- 91e2
- Comparator
- normal soile2
- Setting
- alkali soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e2“The application of 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil resulted in the recovery of yield to 91, 75, and 70% of that obtained in the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K and gypsum application to alkali soil recovered yield to 75% of normal soil.
- Treatment
- 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsume2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- recoverye2
- Value
- 75e2
- Comparator
- normal soile2
- Setting
- alkali soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e2“The application of 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil resulted in the recovery of yield to 91, 75, and 70% of that obtained in the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K and gypsum application to alkali soil recovered yield to 70% of normal soil.
- Treatment
- 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsume2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- recoverye2
- Value
- 70%e2
- Comparator
- normal soile2
- Setting
- alkali soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e2“The application of 5 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil resulted in the recovery of yield to 91, 75, and 70% of that obtained in the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest yield was recorded with 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K and gypsum applied to alkali soil.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e3“The highest yield was recorded with the application of 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil, which was 14 and 59% more than normal, and Zn‐treated alkali soils, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest-yield treatment (10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, gypsum) gave 14% more yield than normal soil.
- Treatment
- 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsume3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 14e3
- Comparator
- normale3
- Setting
- alkali soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e3“The highest yield was recorded with the application of 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil, which was 14 and 59% more than normal, and Zn‐treated alkali soils, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest-yield treatment (10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, gypsum) gave 59% more yield than Zn-treated alkali soils.
- Treatment
- 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsume3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 59%e3
- Comparator
- Zn‐treated alkali soilse3
- Setting
- alkali soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e3“The highest yield was recorded with the application of 10 ppm Zn, 250 ppm K, and gypsum to the alkali soil, which was 14 and 59% more than normal, and Zn‐treated alkali soils, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The magnitude of Zn and K response in alkali soil was smaller after gypsum treatment.
- Treatment
- gypsum treatmente4
- Outcome
- magnitude of Zn and K responsee4
- Direction
- lesse4
- Setting
- alkali soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e4“The magnitude of Zn and K response in alkali soil was less after gypsum treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Responses to Zn, K and gypsum were negligible in normal soil.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e5“Responses to the above nutrients were also negligible in the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc concentration decreased under alkali soil conditions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e6“Zinc concentration decreased under alkali soil conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum and K enhanced Zn utilization by maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e7“Gypsum and K enhanced Zn utilization by the plans”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Na was highest in alkali soil and lowest in normal soil.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Shoot Na was highest in the alkali, and lowest in the normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc decreased shoot Na and 250 ppm K also decreased Na; the Zn, K and gypsum effect on Na was diminished when treatments were combined.
- Treatment
- Zince1
- Outcome
- Nae1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- was diminished when any of the above two treatments were applied togethere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Zinc decreased Na”
e2“An application of 250 ppm K also decreased Na”
e3“The effectiveness of Zn, K, and gypsum treatments in decreasing Na concentration was diminished when any of the above two treatments were applied together”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot K was highest in normal soil and similar in alkali and gypsum-treated soils.
- Outcome
- shoot Ke1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- was similar in the alkali and gypsum‐treated soilse1
- Setting
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“The highest shoot K was in the normal soil, and was similar in the alkali and gypsum‐treated soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot K increased most with K in alkali and gypsum-treated alkali soils; Zinc decreased shoot K in alkali soil.
- Treatment
- Ke1
- Outcome
- shoot Ke1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- Zinc decreased shoot K in the alkali soile2
- Setting
- alkali and gypsum‐treated alkali soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“The highest increase in shoot K with K was in the alkali and gypsum‐treated alkali soils”
e2“Zinc decreased shoot K in the alkali soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Ca decreased with Zn or K in normal soil but increased in alkali soil and at low levels in gypsum-treated soil.
- Treatment
- Zn or Ke1
- Outcome
- Shoot Cae1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- but increased in the alkalie1
- Setting
- normal soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Shoot Ca decreased with Zn or K in the normal soil, but increased in the alkali, and at their low levels in the gypsum‐treated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Interrelationships between Na, Zn/K and Ca showed decreased effectiveness on Ca concentration when applied together.
- Treatment
- Zn/Ke1
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione1
- Direction
- decreased effectivenesse1
- Qualifier
- when applied togethere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Interrelationships between Na, Zn/K, and Ca, showed decreased effectiveness when applied together, on Ca concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Mg accumulated more in alkali soil than in other soils without K or Zn; antagonism between K and Mg and between K and Ca was evident.
- Outcome
- Accumulation of shoot Mge1
- Direction
- moree1
- Qualifier
- The antagonism between K and Mg was evidente2
- Comparator
- other soilse1
- Setting
- alkalie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“Accumulation of shoot Mg was more in the alkali than in other soils when K or Zn were not applied”
e2“The antagonism between K and Mg was evident”
e3“Antagonism between K and Ca in relation to Mg concentration was also noted”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield increase in alkali soil with Zn was associated with enhanced Zn and Ca uptake, decreased Na concentration and widened Ca/Na and K/Na ratios.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted, growing maize ( Zea mays L.) as an indicator crop for 45 days”
e1“The yield increase in alkali soil with Zn was associated with the enhanced uptake of Zn and Ca, decreased concentration of Na, and widening of Ca/Na and K/Na ratios”
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