Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest stage of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) for maximum forage production during the spring season in Suwon, 2010. The variety of IRG was the early maturity type, 'Kowinearly', and six harvest stages (treatments) were first heading (T1), heading (T2), late heading to early bloom (T3), bloom to late bloom (T4), ripeness (T5), and late ripeness stage (T6). The dates of the first heading and heading of 'Kowinearly' were seen on 4 to 5 May, and 14 May, respectively. Plant length and dry matter (DM) percentage at first harvest were from 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0% at T6 stage, respectively. The content of crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 at first harvest were 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%, and 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%, respectively. The content of neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased continuously with delayed harvest. A significantly higher yield of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) were observed for T3, and T4 (p<0.05). DM yield of 3,526 kg, 6,278 kg, 7,842 kg, 8,984 kg, 8,346 kg and 8,008 kg/ha, CP yield of 549 kg, 665 kg, 795 kg, 725 kg, 608 kg and 430 kg/ha, and IVDDM of 2,883 kg. 4,526 kg, 5,083 kg, 5,728 kg, 5,124 kg and 4,722 kg/ha at first harvest were recorded in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDM were shown to be higher at T1 and T2 (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the two stages. Daily DM and DDM production of regrowth IRG were higher at T2, followed by T1. The total yield (at first and at regrowth) of DM, CP and IVDDM were significant higher for T2, followed by T3, T4 and T1 in order. At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM. In conclusion, the late heading to bloom stage was determined to be the optimum harvest stage for a single harvest, while the heading stage was a suitable stage of first harvest of 'Kowinearly' where two harvests were sought in a single year.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
First heading and heading occurred on May 4 to 5 and May 14, respectively.
- Taxon
- Italian Ryegrass
Lolium multiflorumt0 - Material
- 'Kowinearly'e0
- Outcome
- dates of the first heading and headinge0
- Value
- 4 to 5 May, and 14 Maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dates of the first heading and heading of 'Kowinearly' were seen on 4 to 5 May, and 14 May, respectively”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant length rose from 69 cm at T1 to 103 cm at T6.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- Plant lengthe0
- Value
- 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant length and dry matter (DM) percentage at first harvest were from 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0% at T6 stage, respectively”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter percentage rose from 14.8% at T1 to 35.0% at T6.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM) percentagee0
- Value
- 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant length and dry matter (DM) percentage at first harvest were from 69 cm and 14.8% at T1 stage to 103 cm and 35.0% at T6 stage, respectively”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude protein content declined across T1 to T6.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- content of crude protein (CP)e0
- Value
- 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 at first harvest were 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%, and 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%, respectively”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro DM digestibility declined across T1 to T6.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD)e0
- Value
- 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 at first harvest were 15.6%, 10.6%, 10.1%, 8.1%, 7.3% and 5.4%, and 81.8%, 72.1%, 64.8%, 63.8%, 61.4% and 59.0%, respectively”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
NDF and ADF content increased with delayed harvest.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with delayed harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of neural detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were increased continuously with delayed harvest”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
DM, CP and IVDDM yield at first harvest were significantly higher at T3 and T4.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- T3, and T4e0
- Outcome
- yield of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- p<0.05e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significantly higher yield of DM, CP and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) were observed for T3, and T4 (p<0.05)”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Regrowth DM, CP and IVDDM yields were higher at T1 and T2.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- T1 and T2e0
- Outcome
- Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDMe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDM were shown to be higher at T1 and T2 (p<0.05)”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Regrowth yields did not differ significantly between T1 and T2.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- T1e1
- Outcome
- Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDMe1
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- T2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, no significant differences were observed between the two stages”
e1“Regrowth yield of DM, CP and IVDDM were shown to be higher at T1 and T2”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily regrowth DM and DDM production were higher at T2 than T1.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- Daily DM and DDM production of regrowth IRGe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daily DM and DDM production of regrowth IRG were higher at T2, followed by T1”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Total DM, CP and IVDDM yields were significantly highest at T2.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- total yield (at first and at regrowth) of DM, CP and IVDDMe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- T3, T4 and T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total yield (at first and at regrowth) of DM, CP and IVDDM were significant higher for T2, followed by T3, T4 and T1 in order”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At T2 total DM yield was 11,089 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- DMe0
- Value
- 11,089 kge0
- Qualifier
- T2 stagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At T2 total CP yield was 1,254 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- CPe0
- Value
- 1,254 kge0
- Qualifier
- T2 stagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At T2 total IVDDM yield was 7,669 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- IVDDMe0
- Value
- 7,669 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- T2 stagee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At T2 stage, the yield was 11,089 kg, 1,254 kg, and 7,669 kg/ha in DM, CP, and IVDDM”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Late heading to bloom is recommended for a single harvest.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Outcome
- optimum harvest stage for a single harveste0
- Qualifier
- late heading to bloom stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the late heading to bloom stage was determined to be the optimum harvest stage for a single harvest”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading is recommended as the first stage for two annual harvests.
- Taxon
- Italian RyegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Material
- 'Kowinearly'e0
- Outcome
- suitable stage of first harveste0
- Qualifier
- two harvests were sought in a single yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the heading stage was a suitable stage of first harvest of 'Kowinearly' where two harvests were sought in a single year”
t0“Italian Ryegrass”