Abstract
1. Catalase decreases in early germination stages in six kinds of seeds tested. The initial decrease is followed by the rise generally reported for germination. 2. Catalase decreases slowly, almost to exhaustion in prolonged soaking of seeds in oxygen-free water. 3. There is a decrease of catalase in both the embryo and the endosperm of germinating wheat. The subsequent rise occurs not only in the embryo but also in the endosperm, although in a much less marked degree. 4. A simple respirometer is described, in which large quantities of material can be used, and consecutive readings taken at will on the same sample. By direct reading of the manometers both the oxygen and carbon dioxide can be determined without titration and with practically no calculation. 5. There is a large and immediate rise in respiration when seeds are put in germinating conditions. The early curve of respiration, therefore, diverges widely from the typical germination curve of catalase. 6. Catalase in ripening seeds decreases per unit both of wet and of dry weight. It increases per ovule as the seed grows, but after the ripening process begins, it decreases rapidly with decrease of water content. 7. The production of catalase is indirectly connected with oxidation, and Loew's theory of the function of catalase is advanced to explain the facts, if the presence of some substance such as hydrogen peroxide, on which catalase acts, be formed to act as a stimulus for the production of the enzyme. 8. Catalase could be used as an indicator of metabolism only in cases where there is no rapid change in respiration.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase decreased in early germination in six seed kinds.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase decreases in early germination stages in six kinds of seeds tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase rose after its initial decrease during germination.
Verbatim
e0“The initial decrease is followed by the rise generally reported for germination.”
e1“Catalase decreases in early germination stages in six kinds of seeds tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase slowly decreased almost to exhaustion in seeds soaked for a prolonged period in oxygen-free water.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase decreases slowly, almost to exhaustion in prolonged soaking of seeds in oxygen-free water.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase decreased in the embryo of germinating wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- embryoe0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There is a decrease of catalase in both the embryo and the endosperm of germinating wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase decreased in the endosperm of germinating wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There is a decrease of catalase in both the embryo and the endosperm of germinating wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase subsequently rose in the wheat embryo.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The subsequent rise occurs not only in the embryo but also in the endosperm, although in a much less marked degree.”
e1“There is a decrease of catalase in both the embryo and the endosperm of germinating wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase subsequently rose in the wheat endosperm to a much lesser extent.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Gene
- catalasee1
- Outcome
- catalasee1
- Direction
- risee0
- Qualifier
- in a much less marked degreee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The subsequent rise occurs not only in the embryo but also in the endosperm, although in a much less marked degree.”
e1“There is a decrease of catalase in both the embryo and the endosperm of germinating wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
A respirometer permits repeated direct oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements on large samples.
Verbatim
e0“A simple respirometer is described, in which large quantities of material can be used, and consecutive readings taken at will on the same sample. By direct reading of the manometers both the oxygen and carbon dioxide can be determined without titration and with practically no calculation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Respiration rose immediately when seeds were placed under germinating conditions.
Verbatim
e0“There is a large and immediate rise in respiration when seeds are put in germinating conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The early respiration curve diverged from the typical germination catalase curve.
Verbatim
e0“The early curve of respiration, therefore, diverges widely from the typical germination curve of catalase.”
e1“Catalase decreases in early germination stages in six kinds of seeds tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase per unit wet weight decreased in ripening seeds.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase in ripening seeds decreases per unit both of wet and of dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase per unit dry weight decreased in ripening seeds.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase in ripening seeds decreases per unit both of wet and of dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase per ovule increased as seeds grew.
Verbatim
e0“It increases per ovule as the seed grows”
e1“Catalase in ripening seeds decreases per unit both of wet and of dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase per ovule decreased rapidly after seed ripening began as water content fell.
Verbatim
e0“after the ripening process begins, it decreases rapidly with decrease of water content.”
e1“It increases per ovule as the seed grows”
e2“Catalase in ripening seeds decreases per unit both of wet and of dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase production was indirectly connected with oxidation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The production of catalase is indirectly connected with oxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that hydrogen peroxide could stimulate catalase production.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“if the presence of some substance such as hydrogen peroxide, on which catalase acts, be formed to act as a stimulus for the production of the enzyme.”
e1“The production of catalase is indirectly connected with oxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend using catalase as a metabolic indicator only where respiration does not change rapidly.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase could be used as an indicator of metabolism only in cases where there is no rapid change in respiration.”
e1“Catalase decreases in early germination stages in six kinds of seeds tested.”