Abstract
Annual bluegrass is a problematic weed in bermudagrass and other intensively maintained turfgrasses. Flumioxazin is reported to control annual bluegrass both PRE and POST; however, as a contact herbicide, flumioxazin injures actively growing bermudagrass. Research was conducted in Alabama and California to evaluate optimal flumioxazin application timing for annual bluegrass control, bermudagrass response, and overall sward quality in the field, and to assess annual bluegrass control at various growth stages in the greenhouse. November and December application timings resulted in the best balance of the three parameters. When bermudagrass was not dormant at application, treatment resulted in necrosis of green tissues and thus induced dormancy. The herbicide-induced dormancy resulted in better sward quality due to more uniform and therefore more aesthetically pleasing dormant turfgrass relative to natural dormancy. Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha −1 resulted in better annual bluegrass control and improved sward quality relative to 0.21 kg ha −1 . Incomplete POST annual bluegrass control from later applications was attributed to larger weed size, limiting the effectiveness of this contact herbicide. Greenhouse data corroborated field results and indicated that flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ha −1 controlled ≥ 95% of annual bluegrass up to two tillers. Flumioxazin can be utilized for PRE and POST annual bluegrass control, but utilization of this herbicide is limited to dormant bermudagrass unless induced dormancy can be tolerated, and POST control is limited to annual bluegrass plants ≤ two tillers in size.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
November and December flumioxazin application timings gave the best balance of annual bluegrass control, bermudagrass response and sward quality.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylone0 - Treatment
- November and December application timingse2
- Outcome
- balance of the three parameterse2
- Direction
- beste2
- Setting
- Alabama and Californiae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e1“Research was conducted in Alabama and California to evaluate optimal flumioxazin application timing for annual bluegrass control, bermudagrass response, and overall sward quality in the field”
e2“November and December application timings resulted in the best balance of the three parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
When bermudagrass was not dormant at application, the treatment caused necrosis of green tissues and induced dormancy.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- When bermudagrass was not dormant at applicatione3
- Outcome
- necrosis of green tissuese3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e3“When bermudagrass was not dormant at application, treatment resulted in necrosis of green tissues and thus induced dormancy”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide-induced dormancy gave better sward quality than natural dormancy.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- herbicide-induced dormancye4
- Outcome
- sward qualitye4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Comparator
- natural dormancye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e4“The herbicide-induced dormancy resulted in better sward quality due to more uniform and therefore more aesthetically pleasing dormant turfgrass relative to natural dormancy”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha−1 gave better annual bluegrass control than 0.21 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha −1e5
- Outcome
- annual bluegrass controle5
- Direction
- bettere5
- Comparator
- 0.21 kg ha −1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e5“Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha −1 resulted in better annual bluegrass control and improved sward quality relative to 0.21 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha−1 improved sward quality relative to 0.21 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha −1e5
- Outcome
- sward qualitye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Comparator
- 0.21 kg ha −1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e5“Flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ai ha −1 resulted in better annual bluegrass control and improved sward quality relative to 0.21 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Incomplete post-emergence annual bluegrass control from later applications was attributed to larger weed size.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse6weed
- Outcome
- Incomplete POST annual bluegrass controle6
- Qualifier
- larger weed sizee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e6“Incomplete POST annual bluegrass control from later applications was attributed to larger weed size, limiting the effectiveness of this contact herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse data indicated that flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ha−1 controlled at least 95% of annual bluegrass up to two tillers.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ha −1e7
- Interactor
- annual bluegrasse7weed
- Outcome
- controllede7
- Value
- ≥ 95%e7
- Setting
- Greenhousee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e7“Greenhouse data corroborated field results and indicated that flumioxazin at 0.43 kg ha −1 controlled ≥ 95% of annual bluegrass up to two tillers”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin can be used for both PRE and POST annual bluegrass control in bermudagrass turf.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Outcome
- PRE and POST annual bluegrass controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e6“Flumioxazin can be utilized for PRE and POST annual bluegrass control”
Claim · model-written summary
Use of flumioxazin is limited to dormant bermudagrass unless induced dormancy can be tolerated.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Outcome
- utilization of this herbicide is limited to dormant bermudagrasse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e6“utilization of this herbicide is limited to dormant bermudagrass unless induced dormancy can be tolerated”
Claim · model-written summary
POST control with flumioxazin is limited to annual bluegrass plants of two tillers or fewer.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Outcome
- POST control is limited to annual bluegrass plants ≤ two tillerse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“problematic weed in bermudagrass”
e6“POST control is limited to annual bluegrass plants ≤ two tillers in size”
The same questions in other papers
flumioxazin · control · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · quality: general · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.