Abstract
Biosolids have the potential to improve degraded soils in grain-fallow rotations. Our objectives were to determine if repeated biosolids applications in wheat ( L.)-fallow could supply adequate but not excessive N for grain production and increase soil C without creating a high risk of P loss. A replicated on-farm experiment was established in 1994 in central Washington, comparing anaerobically digested biosolids with anhydrous NH and a zero-N control. Biosolids were applied at 5, 7, and 9 Mg ha every fourth year through 2010 and incorporated 10 cm deep, while anhydrous NH plots received 56 kg ha N every second year. Grain yield and protein were determined. Soil chemical, biological, and bulk density analyses were made in 2012. Medium and high biosolids rates significantly increased grain yield (3.63 vs. 3.13 Mg ha) and protein (103 vs. 85 g kg) compared with anhydrous NH averaged across all crops. The medium biosolids rate had significantly lower bulk density (1.05 vs. 1.22 g kg) and greater total C (0-10-cm depth) (16.9 vs. 9.4 g kg), mineralizable N (156 vs. 52 mg kg), and extractable P (114 vs. 16 mg kg) than anhydrous NH. The P index site vulnerability increased from low for anhydrous NH to medium for the biosolids treatments. Soil NO-N was nearly always <10 mg N kg soil (0-30-cm depth). Medium and high biosolids rates significantly increased bacteria/fungi ratios, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria markers compared with anhydrous NH. Biosolids can be an agronomically and environmentally sound management practice in wheat-fallow systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and high biosolids rates increased wheat grain yield relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Medium and high biosolids ratese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.63 vs. 3.13 Mg hae0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Medium and high biosolids rates significantly increased grain yield (3.63 vs. 3.13 Mg ha) and protein (103 vs. 85 g kg) compared with anhydrous NH averaged across all crops”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and high biosolids rates increased wheat grain protein relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Medium and high biosolids ratese0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 103 vs. 85 g kge0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Medium and high biosolids rates significantly increased grain yield (3.63 vs. 3.13 Mg ha) and protein (103 vs. 85 g kg) compared with anhydrous NH averaged across all crops”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The medium biosolids rate lowered soil bulk density relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium biosolids ratee0
- Outcome
- bulk densitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.05 vs. 1.22 g kge0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The medium biosolids rate had significantly lower bulk density (1.05 vs. 1.22 g kg) and greater total C (0-10-cm depth) (16.9 vs. 9.4 g kg), mineralizable N (156 vs. 52 mg kg), and extractable P (114 vs. 16 mg kg) than anhydrous NH”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The medium biosolids rate increased soil total C relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium biosolids ratee0
- Outcome
- total Ce0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 16.9 vs. 9.4 g kge0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The medium biosolids rate had significantly lower bulk density (1.05 vs. 1.22 g kg) and greater total C (0-10-cm depth) (16.9 vs. 9.4 g kg), mineralizable N (156 vs. 52 mg kg), and extractable P (114 vs. 16 mg kg) than anhydrous NH”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The medium biosolids rate increased soil mineralizable N relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium biosolids ratee0
- Outcome
- mineralizable Ne0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 156 vs. 52 mg kge0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The medium biosolids rate had significantly lower bulk density (1.05 vs. 1.22 g kg) and greater total C (0-10-cm depth) (16.9 vs. 9.4 g kg), mineralizable N (156 vs. 52 mg kg), and extractable P (114 vs. 16 mg kg) than anhydrous NH”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The medium biosolids rate increased soil extractable P relative to anhydrous NH.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium biosolids ratee0
- Outcome
- extractable Pe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 114 vs. 16 mg kge0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The medium biosolids rate had significantly lower bulk density (1.05 vs. 1.22 g kg) and greater total C (0-10-cm depth) (16.9 vs. 9.4 g kg), mineralizable N (156 vs. 52 mg kg), and extractable P (114 vs. 16 mg kg) than anhydrous NH”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biosolids raised P index vulnerability from low to medium.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biosolids treatmentse0
- Outcome
- P index site vulnerabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P index site vulnerability increased from low for anhydrous NH to medium for the biosolids treatments”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil NO-N was nearly always below 10 mg N per kg soil.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Soil NO-Ne0
- Value
- <10 mg N kg soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil NO-N was nearly always <10 mg N kg soil (0-30-cm depth)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium and high biosolids rates increased bacteria/fungi ratios, Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria markers.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Medium and high biosolids ratese0
- Outcome
- bacteria/fungi ratios, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria markerse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- anhydrous NHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Medium and high biosolids rates significantly increased bacteria/fungi ratios, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria markers compared with anhydrous NH”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors regard biosolids as an agronomically and environmentally sound practice for wheat-fallow systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- agronomically and environmentally sound management practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biosolids can be an agronomically and environmentally sound management practice in wheat-fallow systems”
The same questions in other papers
in vitro · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →in vitro · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.