Abstract
Abstract The effects of varying concentrations of cadmium (Cd) on the development of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom (MT) plants were investigated after 40 days (vegetative growth) and 95 days (fruit production), corresponding to 20 days and 75 days of exposure to CdCl 2 , respectively. Inhibition of growth was clearly observed in the leaves after 20 days and was greater after 75 days of growth in 1 mM CdCl 2 , whereas the fruits exhibited reduced growth following the exposure to a concentration as low as 0.1 mM CdCl 2 . Cd was shown to accumulate in the roots after 75 days of growth but was mainly translocated to the upper parts of the plants accumulating to high concentrations in the fruits. Lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in the roots even at 0.05 mM CdCl 2 after 75 days, whereas in leaves, there was a major increase after 20 days of exposure to 1 mM CdCl 2 , but the fruit only exhibited a slight significant increase in lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 1 mM CdCl 2 when compared with the control. Oxidative stress was also investigated by the analysis of four key antioxidant enzymes, which exhibited changes in response to the increasing concentrations of Cd tested. Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was shown to increase after 75 days of Cd treatment, but the major increases were observed at 0.1 and 0.2 mM CdCl 2 , whereas guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) did not vary significantly from the control in leaves and roots apart from specific changes at 0.5 and 1 mM CdCl 2 . The other two enzymes tested, glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), did not exhibit any significant changes in activity, apart from a slight decrease in SOD activity at concentrations above 0.2 mM CdCl 2 . However, the most striking results were obtained when an extra treatment was used in which a set of plants was subjected to a stepwise increase in CdCl 2 from 0.05 to 1 mM, leading to tolerance of the Cd applied even at the final highest concentration of 1 mM. This apparent adaptation to the toxic effect of Cd was confirmed by biomass values being similar to the control, indicating a tolerance to Cd acquired by the MT plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited leaf growth after 20 days, more strongly after 75 days at 1 mM.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 1 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- Inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of growth was clearly observed in the leaves after 20 days and was greater after 75 days of growth in 1 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit growth fell after exposure to 0.1 mM CdCl 2.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fruits exhibited reduced growth following the exposure to a concentration as low as 0.1 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium accumulated in roots after 75 days.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cd was shown to accumulate in the rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd was shown to accumulate in the roots after 75 days of growth”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium was mainly translocated upward and accumulated at high concentrations in fruits.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- accumulating to high concentrations in the fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mainly translocated to the upper parts of the plants accumulating to high concentrations in the fruits”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Root lipid peroxidation was more pronounced even at 0.05 mM CdCl 2 after 75 days.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 0.05 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- Lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in the roots even at 0.05 mM CdCl 2 after 75 days”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf lipid peroxidation increased substantially after 20 days at 1 mM CdCl 2.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 1 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- Lipid peroxidatione1
- Direction
- major increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in leaves, there was a major increase after 20 days of exposure to 1 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lipid peroxidation was more pronounced”
e2“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit lipid peroxidation increased slightly but significantly at 1 mM CdCl 2 versus control.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- 1 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fruit only exhibited a slight significant increase in lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 1 mM CdCl 2 when compared with the control”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity rose after 75 days, particularly at 0.1 and 0.2 mM.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Cd treatmente0
- Gene
- Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6)e0
- Outcome
- Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was shown to increase after 75 days of Cd treatment, but the major increases were observed at 0.1 and 0.2 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Guaiacol peroxidase generally did not vary significantly from control in leaves and roots.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)e0
- Direction
- did not varye0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) did not vary significantly from the control in leaves and roots apart from specific changes at 0.5 and 1 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione reductase activity did not change significantly.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2)e0
- Direction
- did not exhibit any significant changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), did not exhibit any significant changes in activity”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity generally did not change significantly, apart from a slight decrease above 0.2 mM.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- concentrations above 0.2 mM CdCl 2e0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- slight decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), did not exhibit any significant changes in activity, apart from a slight decrease in SOD activity at concentrations above 0.2 mM CdCl 2”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Stepwise cadmium exposure produced tolerance at the final 1 mM concentration.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- stepwise increase in CdCl 2 from 0.05 to 1 mMe0
- Outcome
- tolerance of the Cd appliede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a set of plants was subjected to a stepwise increase in CdCl 2 from 0.05 to 1 mM, leading to tolerance of the Cd applied even at the final highest concentration of 1 mM”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass in adapted plants was similar to control.
- Taxon
- Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐TomSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- biomass valuese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass values being similar to the control”
e1“Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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- negative
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →cadmium dichloride · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium dichloride · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.