Abstract
In nature, ultraviolet‐B ( UV ‐B) radiation is highly heterogeneous, both spatially and temporally. Plants exposed to UV ‐B radiation produce UV ‐B absorbing compounds that function as a protective filter. For clonal plants under heterogeneous UV ‐B radiation conditions, integration among ramets can allow irradiated ramets to benefit un‐irradiated ramets by causing them to increase their UV ‐B absorbing compounds content. In this study, we evaluated integration between pairs of clonal ramets of Glechoma longituba under heterogeneous or homogeneous UV ‐B conditions. We determined the levels of UV ‐B absorbing compounds, nitric oxide ( NO ) and hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) and measured the activity of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase ( PAL ) in connected ramet pairs under homogeneous or heterogeneous UV ‐B conditions. Under heterogeneous UV ‐B conditions, the UV ‐B absorbing compounds content increased in leaves of irradiated and un‐irradiated ramets, but not in the connecting stolons. The NO content increased in irradiated and un‐irradiated leaves and stolons, but the H 2 O 2 content did not. Application of NO synthesis inhibitors and an NO blocker to irradiated ramets blocked the increase in UV ‐B absorbing compounds and PAL activity in un‐irradiated ramets. These results suggested that NO is involved in the integration process for UV ‐B absorbing compounds among ramets. Our findings suggested that a UV ‐B‐induced increase in NO transmits a signal to un‐irradiated ramets via the stolon, leading to an increase in PAL activity and UV ‐B absorbing compounds content. The internal translocation of signal enables members of clonal networks to function as a whole unit and to mount an efficient defensive response to localized UV ‐B radiation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous UV-B increased UV-B absorbing compounds in irradiated leaves.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longituba
.jpg?width=60)
Glechoma longitubat0 - Organ / stage
- leaves of irradiatede0
- Treatment
- heterogeneous UV ‐B conditionse0
- Outcome
- UV ‐B absorbing compounds contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Under heterogeneous UV ‐B conditions, the UV ‐B absorbing compounds content increased in leaves of irradiated and un‐irradiated ramets, but not in the connecting stolons”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous UV-B increased UV-B absorbing compounds in unirradiated leaves.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- un‐irradiated rametse0
- Treatment
- heterogeneous UV ‐B conditionse0
- Outcome
- UV ‐B absorbing compounds contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heterogeneous UV ‐B conditions, the UV ‐B absorbing compounds content increased in leaves of irradiated and un‐irradiated ramets, but not in the connecting stolons”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B absorbing compounds did not increase in connecting stolons.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- connecting stolonse0
- Treatment
- heterogeneous UV ‐B conditionse0
- Outcome
- UV ‐B absorbing compounds contente0
- Direction
- but note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under heterogeneous UV ‐B conditions, the UV ‐B absorbing compounds content increased in leaves of irradiated and un‐irradiated ramets, but not in the connecting stolons”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
NO content increased in irradiated and unirradiated leaves and stolons.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- irradiated and un‐irradiated leaves and stolonse0
- Outcome
- NO contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO content increased in irradiated and un‐irradiated leaves and stolons, but the H 2 O 2 content did not”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 content did not increase.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 contente0
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NO content increased in irradiated and un‐irradiated leaves and stolons, but the H 2 O 2 content did not”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
NO inhibitors and blocker prevented the increase in UV-B absorbing compounds in unirradiated ramets.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- un‐irradiated rametse0
- Treatment
- NO synthesis inhibitors and an NO blockere0
- Outcome
- increase in UV ‐B absorbing compoundse0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NO synthesis inhibitors and an NO blocker to irradiated ramets blocked the increase in UV ‐B absorbing compounds and PAL activity in un‐irradiated ramets”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
NO inhibitors and blocker prevented increased PAL activity in unirradiated ramets.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- un‐irradiated rametse0
- Treatment
- NO synthesis inhibitors and an NO blockere0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NO synthesis inhibitors and an NO blocker to irradiated ramets blocked the increase in UV ‐B absorbing compounds and PAL activity in un‐irradiated ramets”
t0“Glechoma longituba”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that UV-B-induced NO signals through stolons to raise PAL activity and absorbing compounds in unirradiated ramets.
- Taxon
- Glechoma longitubaGlechoma longitubat0
- Organ / stage
- stolone0
- Compound
- NOe0
- Outcome
- increase in PAL activity and UV ‐B absorbing compounds contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings suggested that a UV ‐B‐induced increase in NO transmits a signal to un‐irradiated ramets via the stolon, leading to an increase in PAL activity and UV ‐B absorbing compounds content”
t0“Glechoma longituba”