Abstract
Endosperm cell and starch granule (amyloplast) development of six maize ( Zea mays L.) genotypes, normal, amylose‐extender (ae), sugary (su), waxy (wx), amylose‐extender sugary (ae su) , and amylose‐extender waxy (ae wx) , was compared. Endosperms of all genotypes were indistinguishable at 14 days after pollination. Cells were highly vacuolated and those in the central crown area of the kernel contained small starch granules in close association with the nucleus. Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in all genotypes, and major and minor gradients in physiological age of endosperm cells were observed in all kernels. Amyloplast development varied with genotype. Plastid development in normal and wx cells was characterized by an initial starch granule formation followed by granule enlargement to cell maturity. Endosperms homozygous for ae (ae, ae su , and ae wx) developed abnormal plastid‐granules. Secondary granule formations preceded development of abnormality in ae and ae su , but not in ae wx endosperms. In contrast to ae and ae su starch granules, ae wx granules were highly birefringent indicating a high degree of crystallinity. In all three ae genotypes, abnormality increased as a function of kernel and physiological cell age. The su mutant had two distinct effects on amyloplast development. First, a mobilization of the initially formed starch, and second a synthesis and accumulation of phytoglycogen and the formation of large rounded plastids. In ae su plastid development, there was a mobilization of the starch initially formed (resulting in irregularly shaped, nonbirefringent granules) but only small amounts of phytoglycogen were produced.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
All six maize genotypes had indistinguishable endosperms at 14 days after pollination.
Verbatim
e0“Endosperms of all genotypes were indistinguishable at 14 days after pollination.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosperm cells were highly vacuolated.
Verbatim
e0“Cells were highly vacuolated and those in the central crown area of the kernel contained small starch granules in close association with the nucleus.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel central crown cells contained small starch granules near nuclei.
Verbatim
e0“Cells were highly vacuolated and those in the central crown area of the kernel contained small starch granules in close association with the nucleus.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in every genotype.
Verbatim
e0“Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in all genotypes, and major and minor gradients in physiological age of endosperm cells were observed in all kernels.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosperm cells showed major and minor physiological age gradients in all kernels.
Verbatim
e0“major and minor gradients in physiological age of endosperm cells were observed in all kernels.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amyloplast development varied by genotype.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Amyloplast development varied with genotype.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Verbatim
e0“Plastid development in normal and wx cells was characterized by an initial starch granule formation followed by granule enlargement to cell maturity.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
wx maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Verbatim
e0“Plastid development in normal and wx cells was characterized by an initial starch granule formation followed by granule enlargement to cell maturity.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Verbatim
e0“Endosperms homozygous for ae (ae, ae su , and ae wx) developed abnormal plastid‐granules.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae su endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Verbatim
e0“Endosperms homozygous for ae (ae, ae su , and ae wx) developed abnormal plastid‐granules.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae wx endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Verbatim
e0“Endosperms homozygous for ae (ae, ae su , and ae wx) developed abnormal plastid‐granules.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary granules formed before abnormality in ae and ae su but not ae wx endosperms.
Verbatim
e0“Secondary granule formations preceded development of abnormality in ae and ae su , but not in ae wx endosperms.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae wx granules were highly birefringent, indicating high crystallinity.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast to ae and ae su starch granules, ae wx granules were highly birefringent indicating a high degree of crystallinity.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Abnormality increased with kernel and cell age in all three ae genotypes.
Verbatim
e0“In all three ae genotypes, abnormality increased as a function of kernel and physiological cell age.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
su mobilized initially formed starch.
Verbatim
e0“The su mutant had two distinct effects on amyloplast development. First, a mobilization of the initially formed starch, and second a synthesis and accumulation of phytoglycogen and the formation of large rounded plastids.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
su synthesized and accumulated phytoglycogen and formed large rounded plastids.
Verbatim
e0“The su mutant had two distinct effects on amyloplast development. First, a mobilization of the initially formed starch, and second a synthesis and accumulation of phytoglycogen and the formation of large rounded plastids.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae su mobilized initially formed starch, leaving irregular nonbirefringent granules.
Verbatim
e0“In ae su plastid development, there was a mobilization of the starch initially formed (resulting in irregularly shaped, nonbirefringent granules) but only small amounts of phytoglycogen were produced.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ae su produced only small amounts of phytoglycogen.
Verbatim
e0“In ae su plastid development, there was a mobilization of the starch initially formed (resulting in irregularly shaped, nonbirefringent granules) but only small amounts of phytoglycogen were produced.”
t0“ZEA MAYS L.”