Abstract
Abstract Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil. Cultural treatment included a factorial arrangement of irrigation vs. no irrigation, fertilization vs. no fertilization, and disking vs. a legume cover crop. Root surface area and root distribution were estimated from soil core samples, soil pits, and root excavations. Intensive culture significantly altered root surface area and root distribution. Airlayers and trees grown from seed did not differ significantly in total root surface area or in shoot growth. However, all seedlings had well‐defined taproots, while most airlayers had one to three heavy sinkers arching from the root collar to the maximum depth of rooting. Overall, 50% of the total root surface area was in the surface 0.3 m of the soil, while 6% was below 1.35 m. However, within a horizontal distance of 1 m from the bole of a tree, 42% of the roots were in the surface 0.3 m and 24% were below 1.35 m. Roots less than 2 mm in diameter made up 50% of the total root surface area. Results indicate that vegetative propagules develop equally as well as seedling stock and that both root profusely to a depth of 2.5 m.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intensive culture significantly altered slash pine root surface area and distribution.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.
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Pinus elliottiie1 - Treatment
- Intensive culturee0
- Outcome
- root surface area and root distributione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Intensive culture significantly altered root surface area and root distribution.”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Airlayers and seed-grown trees did not differ significantly in total root surface area.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Material
- Airlayerse0
- Outcome
- total root surface areae0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- trees grown from seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Airlayers and trees grown from seed did not differ significantly in total root surface area or in shoot growth.”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Airlayers and seed-grown trees did not differ significantly in shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Material
- Airlayerse0
- Outcome
- shoot growthe0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- trees grown from seede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Airlayers and trees grown from seed did not differ significantly in total root surface area or in shoot growth.”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
All seedlings had well-defined taproots.
Verbatim
e0“all seedlings had well‐defined taproots”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most airlayers had one to three heavy sinker roots reaching maximum rooting depth.
Verbatim
e0“most airlayers had one to three heavy sinkers arching from the root collar to the maximum depth of rooting.”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Half of total root surface area was in the surface 0.3 m of soil.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- total root surface areae0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- surface 0.3 m of the soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% of the total root surface area was in the surface 0.3 m of the soil”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six percent of total root surface area occurred below 1.35 m.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- total root surface areae2
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- below 1.35 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6% was below 1.35 m”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
e2“Airlayers and trees grown from seed did not differ significantly in total root surface area or in shoot growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Within 1 m of the bole, 42% of roots were in the surface 0.3 m.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- within a horizontal distance of 1 m from the bole of a treee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within a horizontal distance of 1 m from the bole of a tree, 42% of the roots were in the surface 0.3 m”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Within 1 m of the bole, 24% of roots were below 1.35 m.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- 24%e0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Qualifier
- below 1.35 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24% were below 1.35 m”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots under 2 mm diameter made up half of total root surface area.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- total root surface areae0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- Roots less than 2 mm in diametere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots less than 2 mm in diameter made up 50% of the total root surface area.”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative propagules developed as well as seedling stock.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Material
- vegetative propagulese0
- Outcome
- develop equally as welle0
- Direction
- equally as welle0
- Comparator
- seedling stocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetative propagules develop equally as well as seedling stock”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both vegetative propagules and seedling stock rooted profusely to 2.5 m.
- Taxon
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.Pinus elliottiie1
- Outcome
- root profuselye0
- Value
- 2.5 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both root profusely to a depth of 2.5 m”
e1“Root development of 12‐year‐old airlayers and seedlings of Pinus elliottii Engelm. was investigated after 10 years of cultural management on a moderately deep sandy soil.”