Abstract
Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry on the performance of the gypsy moth ( (Lymantria dispar L.) and the parasitold Cotesia melanoscela (Ratz.). We used carbon‐nutrient balance theory to develop hypotheses regarding changes in tree chemistry and the performance of both insects under elevated CO 2 . As predicted, levels of foliar nitrogen declined and concentrations of carbon‐based compounds (e.g. starch and phenolics) increased under elevated CO 2 . Gypsy moth performance (e.g. growth, development) was altered by CO 2 ‐mediated changes in foliar chemistry, but the magnitude was small and varied across tree species. Larvae feeding on high CO 2 aspen exhibited the largest reduction in performance, relative to larvae feeding on birch, oak, or maple. Parasitism by C. melanoscela significantly prolonged gypsy moth development and reduced growth rates. Overall, the effect of parasitism on gypsy moth performance did not differ between CO 2 treatments. Altered gypsy moth performance on high CO 2 foliage in turn affected parasitoid performance, but the response was variable: parasitoid mortality increased and adult female size declined slightly under high CO 2 , while development time and adult male size were unaffected. Our results suggest that CO 2 ‐induced changes in plant chemistry were buffered to the extent that effects on third trophic level interactions were weak to non‐existent for the system examined in this study.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced foliar nitrogen levels.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“levels of foliar nitrogen declined and concentrations of carbon‐based compounds (e.g. starch and phenolics) increased under elevated CO 2”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased foliar carbon-based compounds including starch and phenolics.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of carbon‐based compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of carbon‐based compounds (e.g. starch and phenolics) increased under elevated CO 2”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in foliage chemistry under CO2 altered gypsy moth growth and development slightly and variably across tree species.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Interactor
- Gypsy moth
_Female_Dos.jpg?width=60)
Lymantria dispare0pest - Outcome
- Gypsy moth performancee0
- Qualifier
- magnitude was small and varied across tree speciese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Female_Dos.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Gypsy moth performance (e.g. growth, development) was altered by CO 2 ‐mediated changes in foliar chemistry, but the magnitude was small and varied across tree species”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsy moth larvae feeding on high CO2 aspen had the largest performance reduction relative to larvae on birch, oak, or maple.
Verbatim
e0“Larvae feeding on high CO 2 aspen exhibited the largest reduction in performance, relative to larvae feeding on birch, oak, or maple”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism by C. melanoscela prolonged gypsy moth development significantly.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Interactor
- gypsy mothLymantria dispare0pest
- Second interactor
- C. melanoscela
Cotesia melanoscelae0other - Outcome
- gypsy moth developmente0
- Direction
- prolongede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parasitism by C. melanoscela significantly prolonged gypsy moth development and reduced growth rates”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitism by C. melanoscela reduced gypsy moth growth rates.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Interactor
- gypsy mothLymantria dispare0pest
- Second interactor
- C. melanoscelaCotesia melanoscelae0other
- Outcome
- growth ratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parasitism by C. melanoscela significantly prolonged gypsy moth development and reduced growth rates”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
The parasitism effect on gypsy moth performance did not differ between CO2 treatments.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Interactor
- gypsy mothLymantria dispare0pest
- Outcome
- gypsy moth performancee0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- CO 2 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of parasitism on gypsy moth performance did not differ between CO 2 treatments”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Altered moth performance on high CO2 foliage affected parasitoid performance variably.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Interactor
- gypsy mothLymantria dispare0pest
- Outcome
- parasitoid performancee0
- Qualifier
- response was variablee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Altered gypsy moth performance on high CO 2 foliage in turn affected parasitoid performance, but the response was variable”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid mortality increased under high CO2.
Verbatim
e0“parasitoid mortality increased and adult female size declined slightly under high CO 2”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult female parasitoid size declined slightly under high CO2.
Verbatim
e0“adult female size declined slightly under high CO 2”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid development time was unaffected under high CO2.
Verbatim
e0“development time and adult male size were unaffected”
e1“Larvae feeding on high CO 2 aspen exhibited the largest reduction in performance, relative to larvae feeding on birch, oak, or maple”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult male parasitoid size was unaffected under high CO2.
- Taxon
- treet0
- Outcome
- adult male sizee0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- development time and adult male size were unaffectede0
Not reportedTreatment
Verbatim
e0“development time and adult male size were unaffected”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret third-trophic-level effects of CO2-driven chemistry changes as weak to nonexistent.
Verbatim
e0“effects on third trophic level interactions were weak to non‐existent for the system examined in this study”
t0“CO 2 ‐mediated changes in tree chemistry”