Abstract
Traits that mediate species interactions are evolutionarily shaped by biotic and abiotic drivers, yet we know relatively little about the relative importance of these factors. Herbivore pressure, along with resource availability and ‘third‐party’ mutualists, are hypothesized to play a major role in the evolution of plant defence traits. Here, we used the model system Plantago lanceolata , which grows along steep elevation gradients in the Swiss Alps, to investigate the effect of elevation, herbivore pressure, mycorrhizal inoculation and temperature on plant resistance. Over a 1200 m elevation gradient, the levels of herbivory and iridoid glycosides (IGs) declined with increasing elevation. By planting seedlings at three different elevations, we further showed that both low‐elevation growing conditions and mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increased plant resistance to herbivores. Finally, using a temperature‐controlled experiment comparing high‐ and low‐elevation ecotypes, we showed that high‐elevation ecotypes are less resistant to herbivory, and that lower temperatures impair IGs deployment after herbivore attack. We thus propose that both lower herbivore pressure, and colder temperatures relax the defense syndrome of high elevation plants.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivory declined with increasing elevation.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolata
Plantago lanceolatat0 - Outcome
- levels of herbivorye0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- elevation gradiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over a 1200 m elevation gradient, the levels of herbivory and iridoid glycosides (IGs) declined with increasing elevation.”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Iridoid glycoside levels declined with increasing elevation.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatat0
- Outcome
- iridoid glycosides (IGs)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- elevation gradiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over a 1200 m elevation gradient, the levels of herbivory and iridoid glycosides (IGs) declined with increasing elevation.”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Low elevation growing conditions increased herbivore resistance.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatat0
- Treatment
- low‐elevation growing conditionse0
- Outcome
- plant resistance to herbivorese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both low‐elevation growing conditions and mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increased plant resistance to herbivores.”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation increased herbivore resistance.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant resistance to herbivorese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both low‐elevation growing conditions and mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increased plant resistance to herbivores.”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
High elevation ecotypes were less resistant to herbivory.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatat0
- Material
- high‐elevation ecotypese0
- Outcome
- resistant to herbivorye0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high‐elevation ecotypes are less resistant to herbivory”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower temperature impaired iridoid glycoside deployment after herbivore attack.
- Taxon
- Plantago lanceolataPlantago lanceolatat0
- Treatment
- lower temperaturese0
- Outcome
- IGs deploymente0
- Direction
- impaire0
- Qualifier
- after herbivore attacke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower temperatures impair IGs deployment after herbivore attack.”
t0“Plantago lanceolata”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · disease · Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
inoculation · disease · Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.