Abstract
The potential of bacterial antagonists of fungal pathogens to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Treatment of tomato seeds with several strains significantly reduced the numbers of galls and egg masses compared with the untreated control. Best performed Bacillus subtilis isolates Sb4-23, Mc5-Re2, and Mc2-Re2, which were further studied for their mode of action with regard to direct effects by bacterial metabolites or repellents, and plant mediated effects. Drenching of soil with culture supernatants significantly reduced the number of egg masses produced by M. incognita on tomato by up to 62% compared to the control without culture supernatant. Repellence of juveniles by the antagonists was shown in a linked twin-pot set-up, where a majority of juveniles penetrated roots on the side without inoculated antagonists. All tested biocontrol strains induced systemic resistance against M. incognita in tomato, as revealed in a split-root system where the bacteria and the nematodes were inoculated at spatially separated roots of the same plant. This reduced the production of egg masses by up to 51%, while inoculation of bacteria and nematodes in the same pot had only a minor additive effect on suppression of M. incognita compared to induced systemic resistance alone. Therefore, the plant mediated effect was the major reason for antagonism rather than direct mechanisms. In conclusion, the bacteria known for their antagonistic potential against fungal pathogens also suppressed M. incognita. Such "multi-purpose" bacteria might provide new options for control strategies, especially with respect to nematode-fungus disease complexes that cause synergistic yield losses.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment of tomato seeds with several bacterial strains reduced galls and egg masses of M. incognita relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Treatment of tomato seeds with several strainse1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pest - Outcome
- numbers of galls and egg massese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e1“Treatment of tomato seeds with several strains significantly reduced the numbers of galls and egg masses compared with the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drenching soil with culture supernatants reduced egg masses of M. incognita on tomato by up to 62%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Drenching of soil with culture supernatantse2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- number of egg masses produced by M. incognitae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- up to 62%e3
- Comparator
- control without culture supernatante3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“Drenching of soil with culture supernatants”
e3“significantly reduced the number of egg masses produced by M. incognita on tomato by up to 62% compared to the control without culture supernatant”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated antagonists repelled M. incognita juveniles from roots in a twin-pot set-up.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated antagonistse4
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- Repellence of juvenilese4
- Comparator
- side without inoculated antagonistse4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e4“Repellence of juveniles by the antagonists was shown in a linked twin-pot set-up, where a majority of juveniles penetrated roots on the side without inoculated antagonists”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested biocontrol strains induced systemic resistance against M. incognita in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biocontrol strainse5
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- systemic resistance against M. incognitae5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e5“All tested biocontrol strains induced systemic resistance against M. incognita in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic resistance in a split-root system reduced egg mass production of M. incognita by up to 51%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- split-root systeme6
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- production of egg massese6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- up to 51%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e6“a split-root system where the bacteria and the nematodes were inoculated at spatially separated roots of the same plant. This reduced the production of egg masses by up to 51%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation of bacteria and nematodes in one pot added only a minor effect beyond induced systemic resistance alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation of bacteria and nematodes in the same pote7
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- suppression of M. incognitae7
- Comparator
- induced systemic resistance alonee7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e0“to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita”
e7“inoculation of bacteria and nematodes in the same pot had only a minor additive effect on suppression of M. incognita compared to induced systemic resistance alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant-mediated effect, rather than direct mechanisms, was the major reason for antagonism in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- antagonisme7
- Qualifier
- plant mediated effecte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced Systemic Resistance of Tomato Plants”
e7“the plant mediated effect was the major reason for antagonism rather than direct mechanisms”
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