Abstract
Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae) has been used traditionally as an aphrodisiac, stimulant, nerve tonic, and laxative and in kidney, menstrual, and pregnancy disorders. Despite a long tradition of use in the treatment of various ailments, no systematic phytochemical and pharmacological work has ever been carried out on T. aphrodisiaca. The authors suggest that the major stumbling block in systematic exploration of the plant is non-availability of authentic plant material. In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards for the plant have been generated so that authentic T. aphrodisiaca could be explored for its traditional claims. Microscopically, T. aphrodisiaca leaf showed the presence of abundant unicellular, warty, non-glandular trichomes, anomocytic stomata, and a large number of calcium oxalate crystals along the veins. Powdered stem of the plant showed lignified spiral and pitted tracheidal vessels, and pericyclic fibers were observed in powder microscopy of stem. Total ash of the aerial parts of T. aphrodisiaca was approximately eight and four times more than acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash, respectively. The water-soluble extractive value of the plant was slightly higher than its ethanol-soluble extractive value. Volatile oil content of T. aphrodisiaca was found to be 0.44% (wt/vol), the thin-layer chromatography of which exhibited seven spots using toluene:ethyl acetate (93:7 vol/vol) as mobile phase. Thin-layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract showed nine spots using hexane:dichloromethane (1:1 vol/vol), while the chloroform extract showed 11 spots using toluene:ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid (35:4:1 by volume). Phytochemically, the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf microscopy of Turnera aphrodisiaca showed abundant unicellular, warty, non-glandular trichomes.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e1“Microscopically, T. aphrodisiaca leaf showed the presence of abundant unicellular, warty, non-glandular trichomes, anomocytic stomata, and a large number of calcium oxalate crystals along the veins”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdered stem of Turnera aphrodisiaca showed lignified spiral and pitted tracheidal vessels and pericyclic fibers.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e2“Powdered stem of the plant showed lignified spiral and pitted tracheidal vessels, and pericyclic fibers were observed in powder microscopy of stem”
Claim · model-written summary
Total ash of the aerial parts was approximately eight and four times higher than acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e3“Total ash of the aerial parts of T. aphrodisiaca was approximately eight and four times more than acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The water-soluble extractive value of Turnera aphrodisiaca was slightly higher than its ethanol-soluble extractive value.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e4“The water-soluble extractive value of the plant was slightly higher than its ethanol-soluble extractive value”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile oil content of Turnera aphrodisiaca was 0.44% (wt/vol).
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e5“Volatile oil content of T. aphrodisiaca was found to be 0.44% (wt/vol)”
Claim · model-written summary
The volatile oil thin-layer chromatogram showed seven spots in toluene:ethyl acetate (93:7 vol/vol).
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e7“the thin-layer chromatography of which exhibited seven spots using toluene:ethyl acetate (93:7 vol/vol) as mobile phase”
Claim · model-written summary
Thin-layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract showed nine spots in hexane:dichloromethane (1:1 vol/vol).
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e6“Thin-layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract showed nine spots using hexane:dichloromethane (1:1 vol/vol)”
Claim · model-written summary
The chloroform extract of Turnera aphrodisiaca showed 11 spots in toluene:ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid (35:4:1 by volume).
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e7“the chloroform extract showed 11 spots using toluene:ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid (35:4:1 by volume)”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnera aphrodisiaca was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides and steroids.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e7“the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnera aphrodisiaca was found to contain saponins, flavonoids and tannins.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e7“the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnera aphrodisiaca was found to contain carbohydrates and proteins.
Verbatim
e0“Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae)”
e7“the plant was found to contain alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and proteins”