Abstract
The presented results originate from a field experiment established in 1972 on an Eutric cambisol with two main factors: soil tillage (conventional‐, reduced‐, and no‐tillage) and NPK fertilization. The test plants were maize and winter wheat in two years rotation. The long‐term soil fertility without and with optimum fertilization, the influence of fertilization, tillage and crop sequence on grain yields, the organic carbon content (Corg) and the nitrate infiltration are discussed. In the course of years without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly and reached a minimum level which was modified however by the actual climatic conditions. The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant. The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize. Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage, however the differences with w. wheat were much smaller. The effect of tillage was especially high at N0 P0 K0. Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize. For winter wheat at N0 P0 K0 oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better. Corgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too. Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the Corg. There was a little positive effect of no‐till on Corg content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing. Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile. The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage. However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times, as well as lack of it, which suppose the possibility of a relative quick nitrate infiltration.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Without NPK fertilization, maize grain yield declined significantly over time.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Without NPK fertilization, winter wheat grain yield declined significantly over time.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- without any NPK fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimum NPK fertilization, maize yield tended to grow over time.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence”
Claim · model-written summary
With optimum NPK fertilization, wheat yield remained mostly constant.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yield levele1
- Direction
- remained mostly constante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while at wheat it remained mostly constant.”
e1“The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was less affected by tillage method than maize yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- to a lesser extente0
- Comparator
- maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield under no-till was lower than under reduced or conventional tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield under no-till was lower than under reduced or conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- no‐tille0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- reduced or conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
The tillage effect on yield was especially large without NPK.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The effect of tillage was especially high at N0 P0 K0.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation benefited maize yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without NPK, winter wheat itself was the better preceding crop.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- better forecrope0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- N0 P0 K0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For winter wheat at N0 P0 K0 oneself was the better forecrop”
Claim · model-written summary
At optimum N and PK, maize was a slightly better preceding crop for winter wheat.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better.”
e1“For winter wheat at N0 P0 K0 oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon increased slightly over 25 years on fertilized and unfertilized plots.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Corgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen doses had little effect on soil organic carbon.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the Corg.”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till had a small positive effect on soil organic carbon.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“There was a little positive effect of no‐till on Corg content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage had little influence on total nitrate in the soil profile.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile.”
Claim · model-written summary
Climate affected soil nitrate distribution more than tillage did.
- Outcome
- distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profilee0
- Direction
- more affectede0
- Comparator
- system of tillagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Large subsoil nitrate accumulations sometimes occurred across tillage systems.
Not reportedTaxonOrgan / stage
Verbatim
e0“However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times”
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