Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the changes in the levels of carbohydrates and N‐rich defense compounds during cold acclimation associated with freezing tolerance. Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars, Riviera (cold tolerant) and Princess‐77 (cold sensitive), were selected and either subjected to cold acclimation at 8/4°C (day/night) with a light intensity of 200 μmol m −2 s −1 over a 10‐h photoperiod for 21 d or maintained at 25/23°C (day/night) with natural sunlight in a glasshouse. Cold acclimation induced accumulation of sugars and proline in both cultivars and also an increase in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and protein in Riviera, but not in Princess‐77. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased during the first 7 d and then declined, while catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity decreased in response to cold acclimation in both cultivars. Electrolyte leakage (EL) was reduced in both cultivars following cold acclimation. The LT50 was reduced by 2.2°C (from −6.1°C to −8.3°C) in Riviera and 1.7°C (from −4.6°C to −6.3°C) for Princess‐77 following cold acclimation. Riviera had more carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds and less EL than Princess‐77 at the end of cold acclimation. Significant correlations of LT50 with sugars, proline, protein, CAT, and APX were obtained in Riviera, but only with proline and the antioxidant enzymes in Princess‐77. The results suggest selection and use of cultivars with rapid accumulation of C‐ and N‐rich compounds during cold acclimation could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation accumulated sugars and proline in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylone1 - Treatment
- Cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- sugars and prolinee0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold acclimation induced accumulation of sugars and proline in both cultivars”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation increased total nonstructural carbohydrates in Riviera but not Princess-77.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Rivierae0
- Treatment
- Cold acclimatione2
- Outcome
- total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Princess‐77e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and protein in Riviera, but not in Princess‐77.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
e2“Cold acclimation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation increased protein in Riviera but not Princess-77.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Rivierae0
- Treatment
- Cold acclimatione2
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- Princess‐77e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and protein in Riviera, but not in Princess‐77.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
e2“Cold acclimation”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD increased in the first 7 days and then declined under cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Gene
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increased during the first 7 d and then declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased during the first 7 d and then declined”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity decreased during cold acclimation in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity decreased in response to cold acclimation in both cultivars.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity decreased during cold acclimation in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity decreased in response to cold acclimation in both cultivars.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage fell in both cultivars after cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electrolyte leakage (EL) was reduced in both cultivars following cold acclimation.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Riviera LT50 fell by 2.2°C after cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Rivierae0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione2
- Outcome
- LT50e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.2°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LT50 was reduced by 2.2°C (from −6.1°C to −8.3°C) in Riviera”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
e2“subjected to cold acclimation at 8/4°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Princess-77 LT50 fell by 1.7°C after cold acclimation.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Princess‐77e0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- LT50e2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 1.7°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1.7°C (from −4.6°C to −6.3°C) for Princess‐77 following cold acclimation.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
e2“The LT50 was reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Riviera had more carbohydrates and N-rich compounds and less electrolyte leakage than Princess-77 at acclimation end.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Rivierae0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds and less ELe0
- Comparator
- Princess‐77e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Riviera had more carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds and less EL than Princess‐77 at the end of cold acclimation.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
LT50 correlated significantly with sugars, proline, protein, CAT and APX in Riviera.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Rivierae0
- Outcome
- LT50e0
- Qualifier
- sugars, proline, protein, CAT, and APXe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant correlations of LT50 with sugars, proline, protein, CAT, and APX were obtained in Riviera”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
LT50 correlated with proline and antioxidant enzymes in Princess-77.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone1
- Material
- Princess‐77e0
- Outcome
- LT50e2
- Qualifier
- proline and the antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but only with proline and the antioxidant enzymes in Princess‐77.”
e1“Two bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ] cultivars”
e2“correlations of LT50”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest selecting cultivars with rapid C- and N-rich compound accumulation to improve persistence.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Outcome
- selection and use of cultivars with rapid accumulation of C‐ and N‐rich compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“selection and use of cultivars with rapid accumulation of C‐ and N‐rich compounds during cold acclimation could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.”
The same questions in other papers
cold · quality: sugar starch · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
cold · pest · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
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cold · physiology: oxidative · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
cold · physiology: osmolytes · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.