Abstract
Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don is a pioneer tree widespread in the Brazilian Amazon, usually found colonizing forest gaps and altered areas, and the forest fragment edges. This study investigated aspects of the floral biology, breeding system and pollinators of J. copaia trees. Flowering lasts from August to November, during the low rainfall period extending up to four weeks per tree and 3-4 months for the population as a whole, characterizing a cornucopia flowering pattern. The fruit set ends in the beginning of the rainy season, with wind dispersed winged seeds. Fruit set from open pollination was 1.06% (n = 6,932). Hand pollination using self-pollen (n = 2,099) did not set fruits. Cross-pollination resulted in 6.54% fruit set (n = 2,524), representing six times more than the natural pollination rate (1.06%, n = 6,932). Flowers excluded from insect visitation (automatic self-pollination) did not set fruits (n = 5,372). Pollen tube growth down to ovary was detected under fluorescence microcoscopy in cross-pollinated and selfed pistils. The species is an obligate allogamous plant, with late-acting self-incompatibility system. Approximately 40 species of native bees visited the flowers, but the main pollinators were medium-sized solitary bees as Euglossa and Centris species due to the compatibility between their body sizes with the corolla tube, direct contact with the reproductive structures and high frequency of visits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering spans August to November and lasts up to four weeks per tree and 3-4 months per population.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaia
Jacaranda copaiat0 - Outcome
- Floweringe0
- Value
- up to four weeks per tree and 3-4 months for the population as a wholee0
- Qualifier
- low rainfall periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Flowering lasts from August to November, during the low rainfall period extending up to four weeks per tree and 3-4 months for the population as a whole, characterizing a cornucopia flowering pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit set ends at the rainy season onset, with winged seeds dispersed by wind.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Outcome
- fruit set ends in the beginning of the rainy season, with wind dispersed winged seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“The fruit set ends in the beginning of the rainy season, with wind dispersed winged seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Open pollination yielded 1.06% fruit set.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Treatment
- open pollinatione0
- Outcome
- Fruit sete0
- Value
- 1.06%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Fruit set from open pollination was 1.06% (n = 6,932)”
Claim · model-written summary
Self pollen hand pollination did not set fruit.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Treatment
- Hand pollination using self-pollene0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Hand pollination using self-pollen (n = 2,099) did not set fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Cross pollination produced 6.54% fruit set, six times natural pollination.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Treatment
- Cross-pollinatione0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 6.54%e0
- Comparator
- natural pollinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Cross-pollination resulted in 6.54% fruit set (n = 2,524), representing six times more than the natural pollination rate (1.06%, n = 6,932)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers excluded from insects did not set fruit.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Treatment
- excluded from insect visitatione0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Flowers excluded from insect visitation (automatic self-pollination) did not set fruits (n = 5,372)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen tubes reached the ovary in cross-pollinated and selfed pistils.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Organ / stage
- pistilse0
- Outcome
- Pollen tube growth down to ovarye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Pollen tube growth down to ovary was detected under fluorescence microcoscopy in cross-pollinated and selfed pistils”
Claim · model-written summary
The species is obligately outcrossing with late-acting self incompatibility.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Outcome
- obligate allogamous plant, with late-acting self-incompatibility systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“The species is an obligate allogamous plant, with late-acting self-incompatibility system”
Claim · model-written summary
Approximately 40 native bee species visited the flowers.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Interactor
- native beese0pollinator
- Outcome
- species of native bees visited the flowerse0
- Value
- Approximately 40 speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“Approximately 40 species of native bees visited the flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Euglossa and Centris were the main pollinators.
- Taxon
- Jacaranda copaiaJacaranda copaiat0
- Outcome
- main pollinatorse0
- Qualifier
- compatibility between their body sizes with the corolla tube, direct contact with the reproductive structures and high frequency of visitse0
_(6266146378).jpg?width=60){kind=small}
Euglossa
CentrisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(6266146378).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Jacaranda copaia”
e0“the main pollinators were medium-sized solitary bees as Euglossa and Centris species due to the compatibility between their body sizes with the corolla tube, direct contact with the reproductive structures and high frequency of visits”