Abstract
Abstract An experiment was conducted in Yolo loam soil with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with single and combination treatments of moderately high levels of Cd, Li, Cu, and Ni to test whether or not effects could be additive or synergistic. Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone. Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone. These effects were probably additive and may be related to a 0.2 pH change caused by Cu which increased uptake of Ni and Mn. Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants. Because of these interactions, the effects were then tested in solution culture. In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots. Also, in solution culture with (2.5 × 10‐5 M) Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together, Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentrations in roots. Synergistic effects on yield depressions were observed in solution culture for 5 × 10‐5 M Zn + 3 × 10‐5 M Cu+ 2 x10‐5 M Ni. An additive effect on yield depression was observed for 2 × 10‐4 MCd + 2 × 10‐5 M Ni. There were many complex interactions among the trace metal concentrations in these plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cu and Ni together were more toxic to bush beans than either alone.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Material
- Improved Tendergreene1
- Treatment
- Copper and Ni togethere0
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- either alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone”
e1“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu, Ni and Cd together were more toxic to bush beans than any one alone.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Copper, Ni, and Cde0
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- any one alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone”
e1“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Ni concentrations showed synergistic effects, especially in bean stems.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- bush beanse1
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- Cd and Ni concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants”
e1“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Ni decreased plant P concentration synergistically in solution culture.
- Taxon
- bush beanse0
- Treatment
- Cu and Ni when applied togethere0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- solution culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Ni decreased plant Zn concentration synergistically in solution culture.
- Taxon
- bush beanse0
- Treatment
- Cu and Ni when applied togethere0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- solution culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Ni decreased plant Fe concentration synergistically in solution culture.
- Taxon
- bush beanse0
- Treatment
- Cu and Ni when applied togethere0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- solution culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cu and Ni had a synergistic effect on Ni concentration in roots.
- Taxon
- bush beanse0
- Treatment
- Cu and Ni when applied togethere0
- Outcome
- Ni concentration in rootse0
- Setting
- solution culturee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentration in bean roots.
- Taxon
- bush beanse2
- Treatment
- Zn and Cue0
- Outcome
- Cd concentrations in rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- solution culturee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentrations in roots”
e1“solution culture with (2.5 × 10‐5 M) Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together”
e2“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Zn, Cu and Ni combination produced synergistic yield depression in solution culture.
- Taxon
- bush beanse1
- Treatment
- 5 × 10‐5 M Zn + 3 × 10‐5 M Cu+ 2 x10‐5 M Nie0
- Outcome
- yield depressionse0
- Direction
- depressionse0
- Setting
- solution culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Synergistic effects on yield depressions were observed in solution culture for 5 × 10‐5 M Zn + 3 × 10‐5 M Cu+ 2 x10‐5 M Ni”
e1“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Cd and Ni combination produced additive yield depression.
- Taxon
- bush beanse1
- Treatment
- 2 × 10‐4 MCd + 2 × 10‐5 M Nie0
- Outcome
- yield depressione0
- Direction
- depressione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“An additive effect on yield depression was observed for 2 × 10‐4 MCd + 2 × 10‐5 M Ni”
e1“bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen)”
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