Abstract
Abstract Although the response of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) to increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and air temperature has been examined at the greenhouse or growth chamber level, no field studies have been conducted under the tropical, irrigated conditions where the bulk of the world's rice is grown. At the International Rice Research Institute, rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons at three different CO 2 concentrations (ambient, ambient + 200, and ambient + 300 μL L −1 CO 2 ) and two different air temperatures (ambient and ambient + 4°C) using open‐top field chambers. Averaged for both seasons, increases in CO 2 concentration alone (+ 200, +300 μL L~') resulted in a significant increase in total plant biomass (+ 31%, + 40%) and crop yield (+ 15%, + 27%) compared with the ambient control. The increase in crop yield was associated with an increase in the number of panicles per square meter and a greater percentage of filled spikelets. Simultaneous increases in CO 2 and air temperature did not alter the biomass at maturity (relative to elevated CO 2 alone), but plant development was accelerated at the higher growth temperature regardless of CO 2 . concentration. Grain yield, however, became insensitive to CO 2 concentration at the higher growth temperature. Increasing both CO 2 and air temperature also reduced grain quality (e.g., protein content). The combination of CO 2 and temperature effects suggests that, in warmer regions (i.e., >34°C) where rice is grown, quantitative and qualitative changes in rice supply are possible if both CO 2 and air temperature continue to increase.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 alone significantly increased total plant biomass compared with the ambient control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- IR 72e0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione1
- Outcome
- total plant biomasse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- + 31%, + 40%e2
- Comparator
- ambient controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
e1“increases in CO 2 concentration alone”
e2“resulted in a significant increase in total plant biomass (+ 31%, + 40%) and crop yield (+ 15%, + 27%) compared with the ambient control”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 alone significantly increased crop yield compared with the ambient control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- IR 72e0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione1
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- + 15%, + 27%e2
- Comparator
- ambient controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
e1“increases in CO 2 concentration alone”
e2“resulted in a significant increase in total plant biomass (+ 31%, + 40%) and crop yield (+ 15%, + 27%) compared with the ambient control”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous increases in CO2 and air temperature did not alter biomass at maturity relative to elevated CO2 alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Simultaneous increases in CO 2 and air temperaturee4
- Outcome
- biomass at maturitye4
- Direction
- did not altere4
- Comparator
- elevated CO 2 alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Simultaneous increases in CO 2 and air temperature did not alter the biomass at maturity (relative to elevated CO 2 alone)”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher growth temperature accelerated plant development regardless of CO2 level.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- higher growth temperaturee5
- Outcome
- plant developmente5
- Direction
- acceleratede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“plant development was accelerated at the higher growth temperature”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield became insensitive to CO2 concentration at the higher growth temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- higher growth temperaturee6
- Outcome
- Grain yielde6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Grain yield, however, became insensitive to CO 2 concentration at the higher growth temperature”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing both CO2 and air temperature reduced grain quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Increasing both CO 2 and air temperaturee7
- Outcome
- grain qualitye7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Qualifier
- e.g., protein contente7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Increasing both CO 2 and air temperature also reduced grain quality (e.g., protein content)”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield increase under elevated CO2 was associated with more panicles per square metre.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- paniclese7
- Outcome
- number of panicles per square metere7
- Direction
- increasee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The increase in crop yield was associated with an increase in the number of panicles per square meter and a greater percentage of filled spikelets”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield increase under elevated CO2 was associated with a greater percentage of filled spikelets.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletse7
- Outcome
- percentage of filled spikeletse7
- Direction
- greatere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The increase in crop yield was associated with an increase in the number of panicles per square meter and a greater percentage of filled spikelets”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Quantitative and qualitative changes in rice supply are possible in warmer regions if CO2 and air temperature continue to increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- both CO 2 and air temperature continue to increasee7
- Outcome
- quantitative and qualitative changes in rice supplye7
- Setting
- warmer regions (i.e., >34°C)e7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“in warmer regions (i.e., >34°C) where rice is grown, quantitative and qualitative changes in rice supply are possible if both CO 2 and air temperature continue to increase”
e0“rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons”
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