Abstract
Elevated CO2 and temperature strongly affect crop production, but understanding of the crop response to combined CO2 and temperature increases under field conditions is still limited while data are scarce. We grew wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under two levels of CO2 (ambient and enriched up to 500 μmol mol(-1) ) and two levels of canopy temperature (ambient and increased by 1.5-2.0 °C) in free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) systems and carried out a detailed growth and yield component analysis during two growing seasons for both crops. An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops. An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice. Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10-12% and 17-35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature. The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice. Our data showed complex treatment effects on the interplay between preheading duration, nitrogen uptake, tillering, leaf area index, and radiation-use efficiency, and thus on yield components and yield. Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops. For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m(2) and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increase in CO2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- increase in CO2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature reduced wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature reduced rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 resulted in higher grain yield, whereas an increase in temperature reduced grain yield, in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature decreased wheat yield by 10-12%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combination of elevated CO2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10-12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10-12% and 17-35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined elevated CO2 and temperature decreased rice yield by 17-35%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of elevated CO2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17-35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of wheat and rice were decreased by 10-12% and 17-35%, respectively, under the combination of elevated CO2 and temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not compensate for temperature effects on wheat biomass and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- biomass and yielde0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not compensate for temperature effects on rice biomass and yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- biomass and yielde0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in CO2 was unable to compensate for the negative impact of an increase in temperature on biomass and yield of wheat and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Filled grains per area was the main yield component accounting for treatment effects in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- number of filled grains per unit areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Filled grains per area was the main yield component accounting for treatment effects in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- number of filled grains per unit areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of filled grains per unit area was the most important yield component accounting for the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature in wheat and rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial for minimizing wheat yield loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Qualifier
- Nitrogen uptake before headinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial for minimizing rice yield loss.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Qualifier
- Nitrogen uptake before headinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake before heading was crucial in minimizing yield loss due to climate change in both crops.”
t0“Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice breeding should increase grain number and filled grains or reduce spikelet sterility at high temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m(2) and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility)e0
- Qualifier
- at high temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For rice, however, a breeding strategy to increase grain number per m(2) and % filled grains (or to reduce spikelet sterility) at high temperature is also required to prevent yield reduction under conditions of global change.”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
130 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
155 papers more in this group
See all 159 papers →co2 · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
173 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
199 papers more in this group
See all 203 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.