Abstract
ABSTRACT Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers under light and temperature conditions similar to the UK field environment for the 1990/1991 growing season at two levels each of atmospheric CO 2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692 μmol mol −1 ), temperature (tracking ambient and ambient +4°C) and nitrogen application (equivalent to 87 and 489 kg ha −1 total N applied). Total dry matter productivity through the season, the maximum number of shoots and final ear number were stimulated by CO 2 enrichment at both levels of the temperature and N treatments. At high N, there was a CO 2 ‐induced stimulation of grain yield (+15%) similar to that for total crop dry mass (+12%), and there was no significant interaction with temperature. This contrasts with other studies, where positive interactions between the effects of increases in temperature and CO 2 have been found. Temperature had a direct, negative effect on yield at both levels of the N and CO 2 treatments. This could be explained by the temperature‐dependent shortening of the phenological stages, and therefore, the time available for accumulating resources for grain formation. At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature, but the overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on the number of grains (‐37%) than on yield (‐18%), due to a compensating increase in average grain mass. At low N, despite increasing total crop dry mass and the number of ears, elevated CO 2 did not increase grain yield and caused a significant decrease under ambient temperature conditions. This can be explained in terms of a stimulation of early vegetative growth by CO 2 enrichment leading to a reduction in the amount of N available later for the formation and filling of grain.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment stimulated total dry matter productivity, maximum shoot number and final ear number at both temperature and N levels.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente0
- Outcome
- Total dry matter productivity through the season, the maximum number of shoots and final ear numbere0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- at both levels of the temperature and N treatmentse0
- Comparator
- 361e2
- Setting
- chamberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total dry matter productivity through the season, the maximum number of shoots and final ear number were stimulated by CO 2 enrichment at both levels of the temperature and N treatments”
e1“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
e2“atmospheric CO 2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692”
Claim · model-written summary
At high N, CO2 enrichment stimulated total crop dry mass by 12 percent.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente1
- Outcome
- total crop dry masse0
- Direction
- stimulatione0
- Value
- +12%e0
- Comparator
- 361e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stimulation of grain yield (+15%) similar to that for total crop dry mass (+12%)”
e1“Total dry matter productivity through the season, the maximum number of shoots and final ear number were stimulated by CO 2 enrichment at both levels of the temperature and N treatments”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
e3“atmospheric CO 2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692”
Claim · model-written summary
At high N, there was no significant interaction between CO2 and temperature on grain yield.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- interaction with temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant interaction with temperature”
e1“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmer temperature had a direct negative effect on yield at both N and CO2 levels.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Temperaturee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- at both levels of the N and CO 2 treatmentse0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperature had a direct, negative effect on yield at both levels of the N and CO 2 treatments”
e1“At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
At high N, grain set was reduced at ambient +4°C temperature.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ambient +4°C temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain sete0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- At high Ne0
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature”
e1“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
The overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on grain number (37 percent) than on yield.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- warmer temperaturee0
- Outcome
- number of grainse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on the number of grains (‐37%) than on yield (‐18%)”
e1“At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
The negative effect of warmer temperature on yield was 18 percent.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- warmer temperaturee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on the number of grains (‐37%) than on yield (‐18%)”
e1“At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Warmer temperature was associated with a compensating increase in average grain mass.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- warmer temperaturee1
- Outcome
- average grain masse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a compensating increase in average grain mass”
e1“the overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on the number of grains (‐37%) than on yield (‐18%)”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
At low N, elevated CO2 did not increase grain yield.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Qualifier
- At low Ne0
- Comparator
- 361e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At low N, despite increasing total crop dry mass and the number of ears, elevated CO 2 did not increase grain yield and caused a significant decrease under ambient temperature conditions”
e1“atmospheric CO 2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
At low N, elevated CO2 significantly decreased grain yield under ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- CO 2e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- under ambient temperature conditionse0
- Comparator
- 361e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At low N, despite increasing total crop dry mass and the number of ears, elevated CO 2 did not increase grain yield and caused a significant decrease under ambient temperature conditions”
e1“atmospheric CO 2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692”
e2“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Early vegetative growth stimulated by CO2 may reduce the N available later for grain formation and filling.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- formation and filling of graine0
- Qualifier
- reduction in the amount of N available latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a stimulation of early vegetative growth by CO 2 enrichment leading to a reduction in the amount of N available later for the formation and filling of grain”
e1“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
Claim · model-written summary
Shortening of the phenological stages may reduce the time available for accumulating resources for grain formation.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- time available for accumulating resources for grain formatione0
- Qualifier
- shortening of the phenological stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shortening of the phenological stages, and therefore, the time available for accumulating resources for grain formation”
e1“Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers”
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See all 203 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.